10: Social Systems
- Page ID
- 181765
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)- 10.0: Introduction
- This page explores protein localization mechanisms and cell signaling interactions, contrasting prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It emphasizes the roles of cellular structures such as the plasma membrane in prokaryotes and the nucleus and organelles in eukaryotes. Prokaryotic proteins operate in the cytoplasm or membrane, while eukaryotic proteins utilize complex intracellular membranes like the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus for targeting to specific compartments.
- 10.1: Targeting membrane proteins to where they need to be
- This page explains how the location of polypeptides within cells is guided by signal sequences in their amino acids and their interacting receptors. In prokaryotes, polypeptides typically appear in the cytoplasm, while those intended for membranes utilize signal recognition particles (SRP) for targeting. Eukaryotes direct polypeptides to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) for processing, with further signals leading to their final destinations, ensuring accurate localization throughout the process.
- 10.2: Nuclear targeting and exclusion
- This page covers the synthesis and localization of non-mitochondrial/chloroplast polypeptides, emphasizing nuclear localization signals (NLS) and nuclear exclusion signals (NES) in protein translocation between the nucleus and cytoplasm. It highlights the dynamic nature of protein localization and its effects on gene expression and cellular function. Additionally, it raises questions about the implications of mutations in these localization signals.
- 10.3: Intercellular signaling- signals, receptors and responses
- This page covers intercellular signaling mechanisms, highlighting how cells communicate via secreted proteins or surface presentation. It details the synthesis of signaling molecules through gene expression and receptor localization. Various signaling types—autocrine, paracrine, endocrine, and juxtacrine—are explained, emphasizing their roles in cellular coordination, multicellularity, and essential functions like metabolism and immunity.
- 10.4: Signaling molecules and receptors
- This page discusses the roles of agonists and antagonists in cell signaling, highlighting how agonists activate receptors to initiate molecular cascades that influence enzymes and gene expression, while antagonists block these actions. It notes that different combinations of signaling components in cells result in varied responses to similar signals.
- 10.5: Cellular reprogramming- embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells
- This page explores cell differentiation and experiments demonstrating genomic stability in differentiated cells during nuclear transfer, emphasizing gene regulation. It highlights the cloning of Dolly the sheep and the creation of iPSCs, which can reverse differentiation. Additionally, it addresses ethical concerns related to cloning and the consequences of cellular reprogramming.