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- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/New_England_College/Microbiology_with_NEC/05%3A_Mechanisms_of_Microbial_Genetics/5.06%3A_How_Asexual_Prokaryotes_Achieve_Genetic_DiversityHow then do organisms whose dominant reproductive mode is asexual create genetic diversity? In prokaryotes, horizontal gene transfer (HGT), the introduction of genetic material from one organism to an...How then do organisms whose dominant reproductive mode is asexual create genetic diversity? In prokaryotes, horizontal gene transfer (HGT), the introduction of genetic material from one organism to another organism within the same generation, is an important way to introduce genetic diversity. HGT allows even distantly related species to share genes, influencing their phenotypes.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Norco_College/OpenStax_Biology_2e_for_Norco_College/14%3A_DNA_Structure_and_Function/14.02%3A_Historical_Basis_of_Modern_UnderstandingModern understandings of DNA have evolved from the discovery of nucleic acid to the development of the double-helix model. In the 1860s, Friedrich Miescher, a physician by profession, was the first pe...Modern understandings of DNA have evolved from the discovery of nucleic acid to the development of the double-helix model. In the 1860s, Friedrich Miescher, a physician by profession, was the first person to isolate phosphate-rich chemicals from white blood cells or leukocytes. He named these chemicals (which would eventually be known as RNA and DNA) nuclein because they were isolated from the nuclei of the cells.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/General_Biology_2e_(OpenStax)/05%3A_Unit_V-_Biological_Diversity/5.02%3A_Prokaryotes_-_Bacteria_and_Archaea/5.2.03%3A_Structure_of_Prokaryotes-_Bacteria_and_ArchaeaThere are many differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. However, all cells have four common structures: the plasma membrane, which functions as a barrier for the cell and separates the ce...There are many differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. However, all cells have four common structures: the plasma membrane, which functions as a barrier for the cell and separates the cell from its environment; the cytoplasm, a jelly-like substance inside the cell; nucleic acids, the genetic material of the cell; and ribosomes, where protein synthesis takes place.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/City_College_of_San_Francisco/Introduction_to_Genetics/12%3A_Techniques_of_Molecular_Genetics/12.08%3A__Transgenic_organismsTransgenic organisms contain foreign DNA that has been introduced using biotechnology. Foreign DNA (the transgene) is defined here as DNA from another species, or else recombinant DNA from the same sp...Transgenic organisms contain foreign DNA that has been introduced using biotechnology. Foreign DNA (the transgene) is defined here as DNA from another species, or else recombinant DNA from the same species that has been manipulated in the laboratory then reintroduced. The terms transgenic organism and genetically modified organism (GMO) are generally synonymous.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/City_College_of_San_Francisco/Introduction_to_Genetics/12%3A_Techniques_of_Molecular_Genetics/12.05%3A_Cloning_DNA_-_Plasmid_VectorsMany bacteria contain extra-chromosomal DNA elements called plasmids. These are usually small (a few 1000 bp), circular, double stranded molecules that replicate independently of the chromosome and c...Many bacteria contain extra-chromosomal DNA elements called plasmids. These are usually small (a few 1000 bp), circular, double stranded molecules that replicate independently of the chromosome and can be present in high copy numbers within a cell. In the wild, plasmids can be transferred between individuals during bacterial mating and are sometimes even transferred between different species. Plasmids often carry genes for pathogenicity and drug-resistance.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Gettysburg_College/01%3A_Ecology_for_All/07%3A_Phylogenies_and_the_History_of_Life/7.04%3A_Perspectives_on_the_Phylogenetic_TreeThe concepts of phylogenetic modeling are constantly changing. It is one of the most dynamic fields of study in all of biology. Over the last several decades, new research has challenged scientists’ i...The concepts of phylogenetic modeling are constantly changing. It is one of the most dynamic fields of study in all of biology. Over the last several decades, new research has challenged scientists’ ideas about how organisms are related. New models of these relationships have been proposed for consideration by the scientific community.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biotechnology/Bio-OER_(CUNY)/10%3A_DNA_as_the_Genetic_Material/10.02%3A_Bacterial_Transformation_(Activity)Escherichia coli are commensal gram-negative bacteria found in the guts of humans. They have the capacity to double every twenty minutes and make a favorable carrier of recombinant DNA. Plasmid DNA ca...Escherichia coli are commensal gram-negative bacteria found in the guts of humans. They have the capacity to double every twenty minutes and make a favorable carrier of recombinant DNA. Plasmid DNA can be introduced into E. coli easily after making them competent. One method to achieve this is through chemical competence with heat shock. In this process, the bacteria are incubated in CaCl2 solution on ice.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/San_Diego_State_University/BT@SDSU/02%3A_Resources_and_Reading_Materials/2.01%3A_Bio-OER_(CUNY)/2.1.10%3A_DNA_as_the_Genetic_Material/2.1.10.02%3A_Bacterial_Transformation_(Activity)Escherichia coli are commensal gram-negative bacteria found in the guts of humans. They have the capacity to double every twenty minutes and make a favorable carrier of recombinant DNA. Plasmid DNA ca...Escherichia coli are commensal gram-negative bacteria found in the guts of humans. They have the capacity to double every twenty minutes and make a favorable carrier of recombinant DNA. Plasmid DNA can be introduced into E. coli easily after making them competent. One method to achieve this is through chemical competence with heat shock. In this process, the bacteria are incubated in CaCl2 solution on ice.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Workbench/General_Biology_I_and_II/03%3A_Unit_III-_Genetics/3.04%3A_DNA_Structure_and_Function/3.4.02%3A_Historical_Basis_of_Modern_UnderstandingModern understandings of DNA have evolved from the discovery of nucleic acid to the development of the double-helix model. In the 1860s, Friedrich Miescher, a physician by profession, was the first pe...Modern understandings of DNA have evolved from the discovery of nucleic acid to the development of the double-helix model. In the 1860s, Friedrich Miescher, a physician by profession, was the first person to isolate phosphate-rich chemicals from white blood cells or leukocytes. He named these chemicals (which would eventually be known as RNA and DNA) nuclein because they were isolated from the nuclei of the cells.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biochemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biochemistry)/6._Lab_Notes_Part_2/6.1%3A_Genetic_Transformation_(using_bacteria_and_the_pGLO_plasmid)Genetic transformation is the process by which an organism acquires and expresses a new gene. Genetic engineering is the directed transfer of a gene, or piece of DNA, into a cell (typically a bacteria...Genetic transformation is the process by which an organism acquires and expresses a new gene. Genetic engineering is the directed transfer of a gene, or piece of DNA, into a cell (typically a bacteria). Typically the intent is to force the cell to express (produce) the protein that the newly introduced piece of DNA codes for (known as heterologous expression).
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Genetics/Online_Open_Genetics_(Nickle_and_Barrette-Ng)/08%3A_Techniques_of_Molecular_Genetics/8.05%3A_Cloning_DNA_-_Plasmid_VectorsMany bacteria contain extra-chromosomal DNA elements called plasmids. These are usually small (a few 1000 bp), circular, double stranded molecules that replicate independently of the chromosome and c...Many bacteria contain extra-chromosomal DNA elements called plasmids. These are usually small (a few 1000 bp), circular, double stranded molecules that replicate independently of the chromosome and can be present in high copy numbers within a cell. In the wild, plasmids can be transferred between individuals during bacterial mating and are sometimes even transferred between different species. Plasmids often carry genes for pathogenicity and drug-resistance.
