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- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biochemistry/Fundamentals_of_Biochemistry_(Jakubowski_and_Flatt)/01%3A_Unit_I-_Structure_and_Catalysis/05%3A_Protein_Function/5.06%3A__Binding_-_Conformational_Selections_and_Intrinsically_Disordered_ProteinsThe page outlines learning goals related to protein-ligand interactions, focusing on induced fit and conformational selection, intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs), and Molecular Recognition Featu...The page outlines learning goals related to protein-ligand interactions, focusing on induced fit and conformational selection, intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs), and Molecular Recognition Features (MoRFs). It describes models of protein-ligand binding, explores mechanisms of coupling folding and binding, and discusses the role of intrinsic disorder in cellular functions.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biochemistry/Fundamentals_of_Biochemistry_(Jakubowski_and_Flatt)/01%3A_Unit_I-_Structure_and_Catalysis/05%3A_Protein_Function/5.02%3A_Techniques_to_Measure_BindingIt is often essential to determine the KD for a ML complex since given that number and the concentrations of M and L in the system, we can then predict if M is bound under physiological conditions. Ag...It is often essential to determine the KD for a ML complex since given that number and the concentrations of M and L in the system, we can then predict if M is bound under physiological conditions. Again, this is important since whether M is bound or free will govern its activity. To determine KD, you need to determine ML and L at equilibrium. How can we differentiate free from bound ligand? The following techniques allow such a differentiation.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biochemistry/Fundamentals_of_Biochemistry_(Jakubowski_and_Flatt)/01%3A_Unit_I-_Structure_and_Catalysis/01%3A_The_Foundations_of_Biochemistry/1.03%3A_Physical-Chemical_FoundationsThis page delves into the fundamentals of chemical kinetics and thermodynamics within biochemistry. It explains key concepts such as reaction rates, activation energy, reaction mechanisms, the transit...This page delves into the fundamentals of chemical kinetics and thermodynamics within biochemistry. It explains key concepts such as reaction rates, activation energy, reaction mechanisms, the transition state, and how these factors, alongside thermodynamic principles like enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy, dictate reaction spontaneity and equilibrium.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Principles_of_Biology/01%3A_Chapter_1/08%3A_Enzyme-catalyzed_reactions/8.01%3A_EnergyFor instance, when heating a pot of water on the stove, the system includes the stove, the pot, and the water. Energy is exchanged between them and their surroundings as they use energy from the sun t...For instance, when heating a pot of water on the stove, the system includes the stove, the pot, and the water. Energy is exchanged between them and their surroundings as they use energy from the sun to perform photosynthesis or consume energy-storing molecules and release energy to the environment by doing work and releasing heat. To appreciate the way energy flows into and out of biological systems, it is important to understand two of the physical laws that govern energy.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/American_River_College/BIOL_400%3A_Principles_of_Biology_(Wolfe)/02%3A_Untitled_Chapter_2/06%3A_Metabolism/6.03%3A_The_Laws_of_ThermodynamicsBiological organisms are open systems. Energy is exchanged between them and their surroundings, as they consume energy-storing molecules and release energy to the environment by doing work. Like all t...Biological organisms are open systems. Energy is exchanged between them and their surroundings, as they consume energy-storing molecules and release energy to the environment by doing work. Like all things in the physical world, energy is subject to the laws of physics. The laws of thermodynamics govern the transfer of energy in and among all systems in the universe.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Concepts_in_Biology_(OpenStax)/04%3A_How_Cells_Obtain_Energy/4.01%3A_Energy_and_MetabolismCells perform the functions of life through various chemical reactions. A cell’s metabolism refers to the combination of chemical reactions that take place within it. Catabolic reactions break down co...Cells perform the functions of life through various chemical reactions. A cell’s metabolism refers to the combination of chemical reactions that take place within it. Catabolic reactions break down complex chemicals into simpler ones and are associated with energy release. Anabolic processes build complex molecules out of simpler ones and require energy. In studying energy, the term system refers to the matter and environment involved in energy transfers.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Workbench/General_Biology_I_and_II/02%3A_Unit_II-_The_Cell/2.03%3A_Metabolism/2.3.04%3A_The_Laws_of_ThermodynamicsBiological organisms are open systems. Energy is exchanged between them and their surroundings, as they consume energy-storing molecules and release energy to the environment by doing work. Like all t...Biological organisms are open systems. Energy is exchanged between them and their surroundings, as they consume energy-storing molecules and release energy to the environment by doing work. Like all things in the physical world, energy is subject to the laws of physics. The laws of thermodynamics govern the transfer of energy in and among all systems in the universe.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/General_Biology_1e_(OpenStax)/2%3A_The_Cell/06%3A_Metabolism/6.3%3A_The_Laws_of_ThermodynamicsBiological organisms are open systems. Energy is exchanged between them and their surroundings, as they consume energy-storing molecules and release energy to the environment by doing work. Like all t...Biological organisms are open systems. Energy is exchanged between them and their surroundings, as they consume energy-storing molecules and release energy to the environment by doing work. Like all things in the physical world, energy is subject to the laws of physics. The laws of thermodynamics govern the transfer of energy in and among all systems in the universe.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Cosumnes_River_College/Contemporary_Biology_(Aptekar)/04%3A_Cell_Energy-_Cell_Metabolism_Enzymes_Respiration_Fermentation_and_Photosynthesis/4.01%3A_Energy_and_MetabolismCells perform the functions of life through various chemical reactions. A cell’s metabolism refers to the combination of chemical reactions that take place within it. Catabolic reactions break down co...Cells perform the functions of life through various chemical reactions. A cell’s metabolism refers to the combination of chemical reactions that take place within it. Catabolic reactions break down complex chemicals into simpler ones and are associated with energy release. Anabolic processes build complex molecules out of simpler ones and require energy. In studying energy, the term system refers to the matter and environment involved in energy transfers.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Roosevelt_University/BCHM_355_455_Biochemistry_(Roosevelt_University)/06%3A_Enzyme_Thermodynamics/6.06%3A_Energy_in_MetabolismLiving organisms consist of highly organized cells that maintain order despite the universal tendency toward disorder in nonliving systems. This organization requires a continuous input of energy, pri...Living organisms consist of highly organized cells that maintain order despite the universal tendency toward disorder in nonliving systems. This organization requires a continuous input of energy, primarily managed through cellular metabolism. ATP serves as the key energy currency, facilitating biochemical reactions governed by Gibbs free energy (∆G). Key principles include standard free energy change, Le Chatelier’s principle, and energy storage in triphosphates.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Roosevelt_University/BCHM_355_455_Biochemistry_(Roosevelt_University)/06%3A_Enzyme_Thermodynamics/6.03%3A_Endergonic_and_Exergonic_ReactionsEndergonic and exergonic reactions are defined by Gibbs energy changes. Exergonic reactions occur spontaneously (∆G < 0), while endergonic reactions require energy input (∆G > 0). Chemical equilibrium...Endergonic and exergonic reactions are defined by Gibbs energy changes. Exergonic reactions occur spontaneously (∆G < 0), while endergonic reactions require energy input (∆G > 0). Chemical equilibrium occurs when forward and reverse reaction rates balance, but most biological reactions avoid equilibrium by continuously using energy.
