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- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Genetics/Online_Open_Genetics_(Nickle_and_Barrette-Ng)/08%3A_Techniques_of_Molecular_GeneticsGenetics is the study of the inheritance and variation of biological traits. We have previously noted that it is possible to conduct genetic research without directly studying DNA. Indeed some of the ...Genetics is the study of the inheritance and variation of biological traits. We have previously noted that it is possible to conduct genetic research without directly studying DNA. Indeed some of the greatest geneticists had no special knowledge of DNA at all, but relied instead on analysis of phenotypes, inheritance patterns, and their ratios in carefully designed crosses. Today, classical genetics is often complemented by molecular biology, to give molecular genetics.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Genetics/Online_Open_Genetics_(Nickle_and_Barrette-Ng)/11%3A_Genomics_and_Systems_Biology/11.S%3A_Genomics_and_Systems_Biology_(Summary)Genomics and related technologies differ from other techniques of molecular biology largely because of their scale; they allow many different genes (or gene products) to be studied in parallel. DNA se...Genomics and related technologies differ from other techniques of molecular biology largely because of their scale; they allow many different genes (or gene products) to be studied in parallel. DNA sequencing can be applied to either a single gene, or in the case of genomics, to a large number of genes. The products can then be separated based on length, and the identity of the last based in each fragment can be determined based on fluorescence.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Genetics/Online_Open_Genetics_(Nickle_and_Barrette-Ng)/03%3A_Genetic_Analysis_of_Single_GenesBefore Mendel, the basic rules of heredity were not understood. For example, it was known that green-seeded pea plants occasionally produced offspring that had yellow seeds; but were the hereditary fa...Before Mendel, the basic rules of heredity were not understood. For example, it was known that green-seeded pea plants occasionally produced offspring that had yellow seeds; but were the hereditary factors that controlled seed color somehow changing from one generation to the next, or were certain factors disappearing and reappearing? And did the same factors that controlled seed color also control things like plant height?
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Genetics/Online_Open_Genetics_(Nickle_and_Barrette-Ng)/06%3A_Genetic_Analysis_of_Multiple_Genes/6.S%3A_Genetic_Analysis_of_Multiple_Genes_(Summary)These are the summary for Chapter 6 of Nickle and Barrette-Ng's "Online Open Genetics" TextMap.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Genetics/Online_Open_Genetics_(Nickle_and_Barrette-Ng)/01%3A_Overview_DNA_and_Genes
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Genetics/Online_Open_Genetics_(Nickle_and_Barrette-Ng)/10%3A__Molecular_Markers_and_Quantitative_Traits/10.02%3A_Origins_of_Molecular_PolymorphismsSome of mutations occur during DNA replication processes, resulting in an insertion, deletion, or substitution of one or a few nucleotides. Larger mutations can be caused by mobile genetic elements su...Some of mutations occur during DNA replication processes, resulting in an insertion, deletion, or substitution of one or a few nucleotides. Larger mutations can be caused by mobile genetic elements such as transposons, which are inserted more or less randomly into chromosomal DNA, sometimes occurring in clusters.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Genetics/Online_Open_Genetics_(Nickle_and_Barrette-Ng)/12%3A_Regulation_of_Gene_Expression/12.S%3A_Regulation_of_Gene_Expression_(Summary)Regulation of transcript abundance may involve controlling the rate of initiation and elongation of transcription, as well as transcript splicing, stability, and turnover The rate of initiation of tra...Regulation of transcript abundance may involve controlling the rate of initiation and elongation of transcription, as well as transcript splicing, stability, and turnover The rate of initiation of transcription is related to the presence of RNA polymerase and associated proteins at the promoter. Enhancers may be modular, with each enhancer and its transcription factor regulating a distinct component of a gene’s expression pattern, as in the yellow gene.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Ohio_State_University/Ohio_State_University_SP22%3A_Molecular_Genetics_4606_(Chamberlin)/16%3A_Transcriptional_Regulation_(prokaryotes)/16.02%3A_The_Use_of_Mutants_to_Study_the_lac_OperonThe lac operon and its regulators were first characterized by studying mutants of E. coli that exhibited various abnormalities in lactose metabolism.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Ohio_State_University/Ohio_State_University_SP22%3A_Molecular_Genetics_4606_(Chamberlin)/22%3A_Cancer_Genetics/22.06%3A_Tumor_Suppressor_GenesMutation of p53, through formation of pyrimidine dimers in the genes following exposure to UV light, has been causally linked to squamous cell and basal cell carcinomas (but not melanomas, highlightin...Mutation of p53, through formation of pyrimidine dimers in the genes following exposure to UV light, has been causally linked to squamous cell and basal cell carcinomas (but not melanomas, highlighting the variety and complexities of mechanisms that can cause cancer).
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Ohio_State_University/Ohio_State_University_SP22%3A_Molecular_Genetics_4606_(Chamberlin)/06%3A_Pedigrees/6.04%3A_Calculating_ProbabilitiesProbabilities in pedigrees are calculated using knowledge of Mendelian inheritance and the same basic methods as are used in other fields. The first formula is the product rule: the joint probability...Probabilities in pedigrees are calculated using knowledge of Mendelian inheritance and the same basic methods as are used in other fields. The first formula is the product rule: the joint probability of two independent events is the product of their individual probabilities; this is the probability of one event AND another event occurring.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Ohio_State_University/Ohio_State_University_SP22%3A_Molecular_Genetics_4606_(Chamberlin)/22%3A_Cancer_Genetics/22.04%3A_Mutagens_and_CarcinogensThe product of the E5 gene mimics the host’s own signals for cell division, and these and other viral gene products may contribute to dysplasia, which is detected during a Pap smear (Figure \(\PageInd...The product of the E5 gene mimics the host’s own signals for cell division, and these and other viral gene products may contribute to dysplasia, which is detected during a Pap smear (Figure \(\PageIndex{5}\)). Ionizing radiation, which includes x-rays, gamma rays, and some wavelengths of ultraviolet rays, is distinct from the non-ionizing radiation of microwave ovens, cell phones, and radios.
