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- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/General_Biology_2e_(OpenStax)/03%3A_Unit_III-_Genetics/3.02%3A_Mendel's_Experiments_and_Heredity/3.2.03%3A_Characteristics_and_TraitsThe genetic makeup of peas consists of two similar or homologous copies of each chromosome, one from each parent. Each pair of homologous chromosomes has the same linear order of genes; hence peas are...The genetic makeup of peas consists of two similar or homologous copies of each chromosome, one from each parent. Each pair of homologous chromosomes has the same linear order of genes; hence peas are diploid organisms. The same is true for many other plants and for virtually all animals. Diploid organisms utilize meiosis to produce haploid gametes, which contain one copy of each homologous chromosome that unite at fertilization to create a diploid zygote.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Norco_College/OpenStax_Biology_2e_for_Norco_College/12%3A_Mendel's_Experiments_and_Heredity/12.03%3A_Characteristics_and_TraitsThe genetic makeup of peas consists of two similar or homologous copies of each chromosome, one from each parent. Each pair of homologous chromosomes has the same linear order of genes; hence peas are...The genetic makeup of peas consists of two similar or homologous copies of each chromosome, one from each parent. Each pair of homologous chromosomes has the same linear order of genes; hence peas are diploid organisms. The same is true for many other plants and for virtually all animals. Diploid organisms utilize meiosis to produce haploid gametes, which contain one copy of each homologous chromosome that unite at fertilization to create a diploid zygote.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Mansfield_University_of_Pennsylvania/BSC_3271%3A_Microbiology_for_Health_Sciences_Sp21_(Kagle)/08%3A_DNA_Replication/8.01%3A_The_Structure_and_Function_of_Cellular_GenomesThe entire genetic content of a cell is its genome. Genes code for proteins, or stable RNA molecules, each of which carries out a specific function in the cell. Although the genotype that a cell posse...The entire genetic content of a cell is its genome. Genes code for proteins, or stable RNA molecules, each of which carries out a specific function in the cell. Although the genotype that a cell possesses remains constant, expression of genes is dependent on environmental conditions. A phenotype is the observable characteristics of a cell (or organism) at a given point in time and results from the complement of genes currently being used.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/10%3A_Mutation/10.01%3A_Mutations_-_Causes_and_SignificanceThis page discusses DNA mutations in living cells, their types (point mutations, indels, etc.), and diseases associated with them, like sickle cell anemia. It highlights the role of mutations in evolu...This page discusses DNA mutations in living cells, their types (point mutations, indels, etc.), and diseases associated with them, like sickle cell anemia. It highlights the role of mutations in evolution, gene duplication, and translocations, along with their rarity and varying rates across species. Specifically, C. elegans has a mutation rate of approximately 2.1 x 10^-8 per base pair per generation, with males contributing more due to mitotic divisions.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Gettysburg_College/01%3A_Ecology_for_All/07%3A_Phylogenies_and_the_History_of_Life/7.04%3A_Perspectives_on_the_Phylogenetic_TreeThe concepts of phylogenetic modeling are constantly changing. It is one of the most dynamic fields of study in all of biology. Over the last several decades, new research has challenged scientists’ i...The concepts of phylogenetic modeling are constantly changing. It is one of the most dynamic fields of study in all of biology. Over the last several decades, new research has challenged scientists’ ideas about how organisms are related. New models of these relationships have been proposed for consideration by the scientific community.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Gettysburg_College/01%3A_Ecology_for_All/06%3A_The_Evolution_of_Populations_and_Species/6.04%3A_Population_GeneticsIndividuals of a population often display different phenotypes, or express different alleles of a particular gene, referred to as polymorphisms. Populations with two or more variations of particular c...Individuals of a population often display different phenotypes, or express different alleles of a particular gene, referred to as polymorphisms. Populations with two or more variations of particular characteristics are called polymorphic. The distribution of phenotypes among individuals, known as the population variation, is influenced by a number of factors, including the population’s genetic structure and the environment.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Gettysburg_College/01%3A_Ecology_for_All/03%3A_Introduction_to_Evolution/3.05%3A_Adaptive_EvolutionFitness is often quantifiable and is measured by scientists in the field. However, it is not the absolute fitness of an individual that counts, but rather how it compares to the other organisms in the...Fitness is often quantifiable and is measured by scientists in the field. However, it is not the absolute fitness of an individual that counts, but rather how it compares to the other organisms in the population. This concept, called relative fitness, allows researchers to determine which individuals are contributing additional offspring to the next generation, and thus, how the population might evolve.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/City_College_of_San_Francisco/Introduction_to_Genetics/04%3A_Mendelian_Genetics/4.05%3A_Laws_of_InheritanceThis page discusses Mendel's experiments with pea plants, which established key principles of inheritance, including the Law of Segregation and the Law of Independent Assortment. It highlights how tra...This page discusses Mendel's experiments with pea plants, which established key principles of inheritance, including the Law of Segregation and the Law of Independent Assortment. It highlights how traits are passed on through alleles, with dominant alleles affecting phenotypes and a typical 3:1 ratio observed in monohybrid crosses.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/City_College_of_San_Francisco/Introduction_to_Genetics/09%3A_Mutation_and_Variation/9.05%3A_Some_mutations_may_not_have_detectable_phenotypesThis page discusses silent mutations that do not impact phenotypes, often found in non-coding regions or due to genetic redundancy. It mentions how some mutations in essential genes can result in rece...This page discusses silent mutations that do not impact phenotypes, often found in non-coding regions or due to genetic redundancy. It mentions how some mutations in essential genes can result in recessive lethal alleles, making them difficult to detect. The text also explains the naming convention of genes based on mutant phenotypes rather than their normal functions, using the example of the white gene in fruit flies to illustrate potential confusion.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/City_College_of_San_Francisco/Introduction_to_Genetics/09%3A_Mutation_and_Variation/9.08%3A_Linkage_and_Mapping/9.8.05%3A__Inferring_Recombination_From_Genetic_DataThis page explores the difficulties of inferring allele arrangements in genetic studies without direct chromosome analysis. It highlights the importance of parental genotypes in determining allele con...This page explores the difficulties of inferring allele arrangements in genetic studies without direct chromosome analysis. It highlights the importance of parental genotypes in determining allele configurations (cis or trans) and details an experiment with dihybrid organisms from pure-breeding lines. A testcross with recessive individuals helps identify gamete genotypes, enabling calculation of recombination frequencies from observed phenotypes.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Human_Biology/Human_Biology_(Wakim_and_Grewal)/08%3A_Inheritance/8.3%3A_Genetics_of_InheritanceMendel did experiments with pea plants to show how traits such as seed shape and flower color are inherited. Based on his research, he developed his two well-known laws of inheritance: the law of segr...Mendel did experiments with pea plants to show how traits such as seed shape and flower color are inherited. Based on his research, he developed his two well-known laws of inheritance: the law of segregation and the law of independent assortment.