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- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Monterey_Peninsula_College/Raskoff_Environmental_Science/02%3A_Environmental_SystemsThis chapter outlines the fundamental components of life, emphasizing that matter consists of atoms forming biological macromolecules essential for cellular functions. It highlights the importance of ...This chapter outlines the fundamental components of life, emphasizing that matter consists of atoms forming biological macromolecules essential for cellular functions. It highlights the importance of energy and water for life, defines cells as the smallest unit of life with specialized organelles, and discusses how energy enters ecosystems via photosynthesis.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/01%3A_The_Chemical_Basis_of_Life/1.05%3A_Hydrogen_BondsThis page discusses hydrogen bonds, which are weak attractions between polar molecules like water. Each water molecule can form bonds with four others, leading to unique properties such as a wide liqu...This page discusses hydrogen bonds, which are weak attractions between polar molecules like water. Each water molecule can form bonds with four others, leading to unique properties such as a wide liquid temperature range and high heat of vaporization. These characteristics support cooling via sweat evaporation and stabilize temperatures near water bodies.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/01%3A_The_Chemical_Basis_of_Life/1.03%3A_Electronegativity_and_types_of_Chemical_BondsThis page explains electronegativity as an atom's affinity for electrons, highlighting fluorine as the most electronegative element. It describes three bond types: ionic (large electronegativity diffe...This page explains electronegativity as an atom's affinity for electrons, highlighting fluorine as the most electronegative element. It describes three bond types: ionic (large electronegativity differences), covalent (minor differences), and polar covalent (moderate differences). Examples include NaCl for ionic bonds, carbon and hydrogen for covalent bonds, and water for polar covalent bonds. It notes that polar molecules can form hydrogen bonds and are good solvents for polar substances.
