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- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Genetics/Working_with_Molecular_Genetics_(Hardison)/Unit_II%3A_Replication_Maintenance_and_Alteration_of_the_Genetic_Material/5._DNA_replication_I%3A_Enzymes_and_mechanism/Basic_Mechanisms_of_ReplicationThe part of the connecting line representing the 3’ end of the phosphodiester attached to the vertical (deoxyribose) line about 1/3 of the way along it, and the part of the connecting line representin...The part of the connecting line representing the 3’ end of the phosphodiester attached to the vertical (deoxyribose) line about 1/3 of the way along it, and the part of the connecting line representing the 5’ end of the phosphodiester is attached at the end of the vertical line.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Genetics/Working_with_Molecular_Genetics_(Hardison)/Unit_III%3A_The_Pathway_of_Gene_Expression/10%3A_Transcription%3A_RNA_polymerasesd The incoming nucleotide (NTP) that will be added to the growing RNA chain binds adjacent to the 3' end of the growing RNA chain, as directed by the template, at the active site for polymerization. T...d The incoming nucleotide (NTP) that will be added to the growing RNA chain binds adjacent to the 3' end of the growing RNA chain, as directed by the template, at the active site for polymerization. The incoming nucleotide is linked to the growing RNA chain by nucleophilic attack of the 3' OH on the a phosphoryl of the NTP, with liberation of pyrophosphate.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Genetics/Working_with_Molecular_Genetics_(Hardison)/Unit_IV%3A_Regulation_of_Gene_Expression/19%3A_Transcriptional_regulation_in_eukaryotes/19.E%3A_Transcriptional_regulation_in_eukaryotes_(Exercises)A biochemist replaces the DNA‑binding domain of the yeast GAL4 protein with the DNA‑binding domain from the lambda repressor (CI) and finds that the engineered protein no longer functions as a transcr...A biochemist replaces the DNA‑binding domain of the yeast GAL4 protein with the DNA‑binding domain from the lambda repressor (CI) and finds that the engineered protein no longer functions as a transcriptional activator (it no longer regulates transcription of the GALoperon in yeast).
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Genetics/Working_with_Molecular_Genetics_(Hardison)/Unit_IV%3A_Regulation_of_Gene_ExpressionProtein activity can be regulated by: • allostery • covalent modification • sequestration. Protein amount can be regulated by the rates of: • gene transcription • RNA proc...Protein activity can be regulated by: • allostery • covalent modification • sequestration. Protein amount can be regulated by the rates of: • gene transcription • RNA processing • RNA turnover • mRNA translation • protein modification • protein assembly • protein turnover.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Genetics/Working_with_Molecular_Genetics_(Hardison)/Unit_II%3A_Replication_Maintenance_and_Alteration_of_the_Genetic_Material/5._DNA_replication_I%3A_Enzymes_and_mechanism/Biochemical_and_Genetic_Identifcation_of_Enzymes
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Genetics/Working_with_Molecular_Genetics_(Hardison)/Unit_I%3A_Genes_Nucleic_Acids_Genomes_and_Chromosomes/4%3A_Genomes_and_Chromosomes/4.2%3A_Analysis_of_Renaturation_curves_with_Multiple_Componentsthis section, the analysis in Section 4.1 is applied quantitatively in an example of renaturation of genomic DNA. If an unknown DNA has a single kinetic component, meaning that the fraction renatured ...this section, the analysis in Section 4.1 is applied quantitatively in an example of renaturation of genomic DNA. If an unknown DNA has a single kinetic component, meaning that the fraction renatured increases from 0.1 to 0.9 as the value of C0t increases 100-fold, then one can calculate its complexity easily.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Genetics/Working_with_Molecular_Genetics_(Hardison)/Unit_IV%3A_Regulation_of_Gene_Expression/18%3A_Transcriptional_regulation_after_initiation/18.E%3A_Transcriptional_regulation_after_initiation_(Exercises)This allows the formation of a secondary structure in the RNA that serves as a signal for RNases to degrade the transcripts from the 3' end. A step-loop structure forms in the nascent RNA (regions 2 a...This allows the formation of a secondary structure in the RNA that serves as a signal for RNases to degrade the transcripts from the 3' end. A step-loop structure forms in the nascent RNA (regions 2 and 3) that precludes formation of the G+C rich stem-loop at the attenuator site. In the leader region of the trpmRNA, what would be the effect of:
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Genetics/Working_with_Molecular_Genetics_(Hardison)/Unit_I%3A_Genes_Nucleic_Acids_Genomes_and_Chromosomes/1%3A_Fundamental_Properties_of_GenesChapter 1 reviews the classical notions of genes as the units of heredity that are arrayed linearly along chromosomes. These inheritable units are mutable, and that changeable substance that makes up ...Chapter 1 reviews the classical notions of genes as the units of heredity that are arrayed linearly along chromosomes. These inheritable units are mutable, and that changeable substance that makes up genes is the polymer DNA. Molecular genetic experiments allowed a more precise definition of a gene; i.e. mutations in different genes can complement in the trans configuration in merodiploids, and, in most cases, a gene encodes a polypeptide.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Genetics/Working_with_Molecular_Genetics_(Hardison)/Unit_I%3A_Genes_Nucleic_Acids_Genomes_and_Chromosomes/4%3A_Genomes_and_Chromosomes/4.S%3A_Genomes_and_Chromosomes_(Summary)Dugan-Rocha S, Dunkov BC, Dunn P, Durbin KJ, Evangelista CC, Ferraz C, Ferriera S, Fleischmann W, Fosler C, Gabrielian AE, Garg NS, Gelbart WM, Glasser K, Glodek A, Gong F, Gorrell JH, Gu Z, Guan P, H...Dugan-Rocha S, Dunkov BC, Dunn P, Durbin KJ, Evangelista CC, Ferraz C, Ferriera S, Fleischmann W, Fosler C, Gabrielian AE, Garg NS, Gelbart WM, Glasser K, Glodek A, Gong F, Gorrell JH, Gu Z, Guan P, Harris M, Harris NL, Harvey D, Heiman TJ, Hernandez JR, Houck J, Hostin D, Houston KA, Howland TJ, Wei MH, Ibegwam C, Jalali M, Kalush F, Karpen GH, Ke Z, Kennison JA, Ketchum KA, Kimmel BE, Kodira CD, Kraft C, Kravitz S, Kulp D, Lai Z, Lasko P, Lei Y, Levitsky AA, Li J, Li Z, Liang Y, Lin X, Liu X,…
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Genetics/Working_with_Molecular_Genetics_(Hardison)/Unit_I%3A_Genes_Nucleic_Acids_Genomes_and_Chromosomes/2%3A_Structures_of_Nucleic_AcidsDNA and RNA are both nucleic acids, which are the polymeric acids isolated from the nucleus of cells. DNA and RNA can be represented as simple strings of letters, where each letter corresponds to a pa...DNA and RNA are both nucleic acids, which are the polymeric acids isolated from the nucleus of cells. DNA and RNA can be represented as simple strings of letters, where each letter corresponds to a particular nucleotide, the monomeric component of the nucleic acid polymers. This chapter will be review the evidence that nucleic acids are the genetic material, and then exploring the chemical structure of nucleic acids.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Genetics/Working_with_Molecular_Genetics_(Hardison)/Unit_III%3A_The_Pathway_of_Gene_Expression/12%3A_RNA_processing/12.7%3A_Splicing_of_group_II_intronsThe initiating nucleophile is the 3' OH of a guanine nucleotide for Group I introns, whereas for Group II introns and introns in pre‑mRNA, it is the 2' OH of an internal adenine nucleotide in the intr...The initiating nucleophile is the 3' OH of a guanine nucleotide for Group I introns, whereas for Group II introns and introns in pre‑mRNA, it is the 2' OH of an internal adenine nucleotide in the intron. These secondary structures may be intramolecular in the case of self‑splicing Group I and Group II introns, or they may be intermolecular in the case of pre‑mRNA and the snRNAs, e.g.
