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- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/City_College_of_San_Francisco/Introduction_to_Genetics/10%3A__Changes_in_Chromosome_Number_and_Structure/10.02%3A__Changes_in_Chromosome_StructureIf the chromosome is altered, but still retains the three critical features of a chromosome (centromeres, telomeres, and origin of replication), it will continue to be inherited during subsequent cell...If the chromosome is altered, but still retains the three critical features of a chromosome (centromeres, telomeres, and origin of replication), it will continue to be inherited during subsequent cell divisions, however the daughter cell may not retain all the genes. For example, if a segment of the chromosome has been lost, the cell may be missing some genes. The causes of chromosome structural abnormalites, which involves breaks in the DNA that makes up the chromosome.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/City_College_of_San_Francisco/Introduction_to_Genetics/09%3A_Mutation_and_Variation/9.08%3A_Linkage_and_Mapping/9.8.E%3A_Linkage_and_Mapping_(Exercises)If the A-B map distance is 1cM, and the B-C map distance is 0.6cM, given the lines AaBbCc and aabbcc, what will be the frequency of Aabb genotypes among their progeny if one of the parents of the dihy...If the A-B map distance is 1cM, and the B-C map distance is 0.6cM, given the lines AaBbCc and aabbcc, what will be the frequency of Aabb genotypes among their progeny if one of the parents of the dihybrid had the genotypes AABBCC? The proportion of the seeds that are also either white or purple flowered would help you to know about the linkage between the two loci only if the genotypes of the parents of the dihybrid were also known.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/City_College_of_San_Francisco/Introduction_to_Genetics/09%3A_Mutation_and_Variation/9.08%3A_Linkage_and_Mapping/9.8.05%3A__Inferring_Recombination_From_Genetic_DataThis page explores the difficulties of inferring allele arrangements in genetic studies without direct chromosome analysis. It highlights the importance of parental genotypes in determining allele con...This page explores the difficulties of inferring allele arrangements in genetic studies without direct chromosome analysis. It highlights the importance of parental genotypes in determining allele configurations (cis or trans) and details an experiment with dihybrid organisms from pure-breeding lines. A testcross with recessive individuals helps identify gamete genotypes, enabling calculation of recombination frequencies from observed phenotypes.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/15%3A_The_Anatomy_and_Physiology_of_Animals/15.07%3A_Sexual_ReproductionThis page describes sexual reproduction, highlighting the process of anisogamy where two distinct gametes, male (sperm) and female (egg), unite to create a new individual. It notes that in most eukary...This page describes sexual reproduction, highlighting the process of anisogamy where two distinct gametes, male (sperm) and female (egg), unite to create a new individual. It notes that in most eukaryotes, the sperm is small and motile, while the egg is larger and serves as nourishment for the developing embryo, fulfilling the different needs for mobility and nutritional support during embryonic development.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/07%3A_Cell_Division/7.07%3A_MeiosisThis page covers meiosis, a crucial process in sexual reproduction that produces four haploid cells from one diploid cell, involving two divisions and featuring genetic recombination and chromosome as...This page covers meiosis, a crucial process in sexual reproduction that produces four haploid cells from one diploid cell, involving two divisions and featuring genetic recombination and chromosome assortment for diversity. It highlights the importance of checkpoints to prevent errors, which, if present, can lead to chromosomal abnormalities such as monosomy, often lethal, and trisomy, which can result in conditions like Down syndrome.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/15%3A_The_Anatomy_and_Physiology_of_Animals/15.07%3A_Sexual_Reproduction/15.7A%3A_Sexual_ReproductionThis page discusses sexual reproduction in humans, detailing gamete production, hormonal regulation, and the unique processes involved in fertilization and embryonic development. It highlights immunol...This page discusses sexual reproduction in humans, detailing gamete production, hormonal regulation, and the unique processes involved in fertilization and embryonic development. It highlights immunological mechanisms allowing placental coexistence, the risks of teratogens, and reproductive technologies like IVF and techniques to prevent mitochondrial diseases.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/City_College_of_San_Francisco/Introduction_to_Genetics/03%3A_Meiosis_-_Sexual_Reproduction/3.03%3A_Meiosis_IIThis page explains meiosis II, which follows meiosis I and divides two haploid cells without DNA replication. It includes prophase II, prometaphase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, telophase II, and cyt...This page explains meiosis II, which follows meiosis I and divides two haploid cells without DNA replication. It includes prophase II, prometaphase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, telophase II, and cytokinesis. The process results in the separation of sister chromatids, producing four genetically unique haploid cells due to random assortment and recombination during crossover.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/09%3A_Regulation_of_Gene_Expression/9.12%3A_Imprinted_GenesThis page discusses imprinted genes, which have parent-specific expression, with around 80 identified in mammals and angiosperms. Examples include the paternal activation of IGF2 and maternal repressi...This page discusses imprinted genes, which have parent-specific expression, with around 80 identified in mammals and angiosperms. Examples include the paternal activation of IGF2 and maternal repression of IGF2r. Imprinting occurs during gamete formation via DNA methylation and can lead to disorders like Prader-Willi and Angelman syndromes, as well as cancers if misregulated.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/City_College_of_San_Francisco/Introduction_to_Genetics/09%3A_Mutation_and_Variation/9.08%3A_Linkage_and_Mapping/9.8.S%3A_Linkage_and_Mapping_(Summary)This page discusses recombination, a process that generates new allele combinations in gametes influenced by chromosomal proximity. Unlinked loci can have 50% recombination, while linked loci maintain...This page discusses recombination, a process that generates new allele combinations in gametes influenced by chromosomal proximity. Unlinked loci can have 50% recombination, while linked loci maintain parental combinations. Meiosis crossovers enable recombination and frequencies aid in genetic mapping, though double crossovers can lead to distance underestimation.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/08%3A_The_Genetic_Consequences_of_Meiosis/8.03%3A_The_Evidence_of_Creighton_and_McClintockThis page discusses a study by Creighton and McClintock on a corn plant exhibiting a unique chromosomal aberration that allowed for the visual distinction of homologous chromosomes. They analyzed game...This page discusses a study by Creighton and McClintock on a corn plant exhibiting a unique chromosomal aberration that allowed for the visual distinction of homologous chromosomes. They analyzed gamete production and kernel types resulting from fertilization, revealing a physical exchange of chromosomes during crossing over.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/City_College_of_San_Francisco/Introduction_to_Genetics/09%3A_Mutation_and_Variation/9.08%3A_Linkage_and_Mapping/9.8.02%3A__RecombinationIn heredity, recombination is any process that results in gametes with combinations of alleles that were not present in the gametes of a previous generation. Interchromosomal recombination occurs eith...In heredity, recombination is any process that results in gametes with combinations of alleles that were not present in the gametes of a previous generation. Interchromosomal recombination occurs either through independent assortment of alleles whose loci are on different chromosomes. Intrachromosomal recombination occurs through crossovers between loci on the same chromosomes . In both cases, recombination is a process that occurs during meiosis (mitotic recombination is relatively rare).
