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- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Folsom_Lake_College/BIOL_440%3A_General_Microbiology_(Panoutsopoulos)/04%3A_Microbial_Growth_and_Metabolism/4.04%3A_Microbial_Metabolism/4.4.01%3A_Energy_Matter_and_EnzymesCellular processes such as the building or breaking down of complex molecules occur through series of stepwise, interconnected chemical reactions called metabolic pathways. The term anabolism refers t...Cellular processes such as the building or breaking down of complex molecules occur through series of stepwise, interconnected chemical reactions called metabolic pathways. The term anabolism refers to those endergonic metabolic pathways involved in biosynthesis, converting simple molecular building blocks into more complex molecules, and fueled by the use of cellular energy.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Clinton_College/BIO_403%3A_Microbiology_(Neely)/04%3A_Microbial_Growth_and_Metabolism/4.04%3A_Microbial_Metabolism/4.4.01%3A_Energy_Matter_and_EnzymesCellular processes such as the building or breaking down of complex molecules occur through series of stepwise, interconnected chemical reactions called metabolic pathways. The term anabolism refers t...Cellular processes such as the building or breaking down of complex molecules occur through series of stepwise, interconnected chemical reactions called metabolic pathways. The term anabolism refers to those endergonic metabolic pathways involved in biosynthesis, converting simple molecular building blocks into more complex molecules, and fueled by the use of cellular energy.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Roosevelt_University/BCHM_355_455_Biochemistry_(Roosevelt_University)/06%3A_Enzyme_Thermodynamics/6.01%3A_EnzymesBiological catalysts are called enzymes, and the overwhelming majority of enzymes are proteins. The exceptions are a class of RNA molecules known as ribozymes, of which most act upon themselves (i.e. ...Biological catalysts are called enzymes, and the overwhelming majority of enzymes are proteins. The exceptions are a class of RNA molecules known as ribozymes, of which most act upon themselves (i.e. part of the RNA strand is a substrate for the ribozyme part of the strand). In this book (and most textbooks in this field), unless otherwise specified, the term enzyme refers to one made of protein. Enzymes also confer extraordinary specificity to a chemical reaction.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/09%3A_Regulation_of_Gene_Expression/9.13%3A_RibozymesThis page discusses ribozymes, RNA molecules with catalytic properties, which were discovered two decades ago, shifting the focus from proteins as the sole enzymes. It highlights their role in RNA pro...This page discusses ribozymes, RNA molecules with catalytic properties, which were discovered two decades ago, shifting the focus from proteins as the sole enzymes. It highlights their role in RNA processing, particularly in tRNA, rRNA, and mRNA, often through self-splicing. Key examples include ribonuclease P and Group I and II introns. Additionally, it touches on spliceosomes and viroids, noting that viroids can infect plants and exhibit self-splicing capabilities similar to ribozymes.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biochemistry/Fundamentals_of_Biochemistry_(Jakubowski_and_Flatt)/01%3A_Unit_I-_Structure_and_Catalysis/01%3A_The_Foundations_of_Biochemistry/1.03%3A_Physical-Chemical_FoundationsThis page delves into the fundamentals of chemical kinetics and thermodynamics within biochemistry. It explains key concepts such as reaction rates, activation energy, reaction mechanisms, the transit...This page delves into the fundamentals of chemical kinetics and thermodynamics within biochemistry. It explains key concepts such as reaction rates, activation energy, reaction mechanisms, the transition state, and how these factors, alongside thermodynamic principles like enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy, dictate reaction spontaneity and equilibrium.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Coastline_College/Book-_Cells_-_Molecules_and_Mechanisms_(Wong)/05%3A_Bioenergetics_-_Thermodynamics_and_Enzymes/5.02%3A_EnzymesBiological catalysts are called enzymes, and the overwhelming majority of enzymes are proteins. The exceptions are a class of RNA molecules known as ribozymes, of which most act upon themselves (i.e. ...Biological catalysts are called enzymes, and the overwhelming majority of enzymes are proteins. The exceptions are a class of RNA molecules known as ribozymes, of which most act upon themselves (i.e. part of the RNA strand is a substrate for the ribozyme part of the strand). In this book (and most textbooks in this field), unless otherwise specified, the term enzyme refers to one made of protein. Enzymes also confer extraordinary specificity to a chemical reaction.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biochemistry/Fundamentals_of_Biochemistry_(Jakubowski_and_Flatt)/01%3A_Unit_I-_Structure_and_Catalysis/01%3A_The_Foundations_of_Biochemistry/1.01%3A_Cellular_FoundationsThe page introduces biochemistry fundamentals from a chemical perspective, focusing on key cellular components and their chemical processes. It outlines the basic structure of prokaryotic and eukaryot...The page introduces biochemistry fundamentals from a chemical perspective, focusing on key cellular components and their chemical processes. It outlines the basic structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, highlighting the importance of genetic material, ribosomes, and the lipid bilayer. The text delves into the four classes of biomolecules including lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates, and their roles in cellular metabolism.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/03%3A_The_Cellular_Basis_of_Life/3.10%3A_The_ProteasomeThis page discusses the importance of protein degradation alongside synthesis, highlighting the roles of lysosomes and proteasomes. Lysosomes degrade extracellular proteins from endocytosis, while pro...This page discusses the importance of protein degradation alongside synthesis, highlighting the roles of lysosomes and proteasomes. Lysosomes degrade extracellular proteins from endocytosis, while proteasomes target intracellular proteins using a ubiquitin tagging system. This degradation process recycles amino acids and aids in antigen processing for immune response, involving complexes that present antigens to T cells.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/15%3A_The_Anatomy_and_Physiology_of_Animals/15.01%3A_Nutrition/15.1A%3A_The_Human_Gastrointestinal_TractThis page discusses the extracellular digestion process in humans and animals, involving digestive enzymes that break down food in structures like the stomach, liver, and small intestine. The liver re...This page discusses the extracellular digestion process in humans and animals, involving digestive enzymes that break down food in structures like the stomach, liver, and small intestine. The liver regulates nutrient absorption, while the pancreas provides essential enzymes. The small intestine, with microvilli enhancing absorption, covers a large surface area.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/09%3A_Regulation_of_Gene_Expression/9.02%3A_The_Tryptophan_RepressorThis page explains the regulation of tryptophan synthesis in E. coli, which involves five enzymes from a clustered operon. When tryptophan is abundant, it binds to the Trp repressor, a homodimer that ...This page explains the regulation of tryptophan synthesis in E. coli, which involves five enzymes from a clustered operon. When tryptophan is abundant, it binds to the Trp repressor, a homodimer that attaches to the operator of the operon, inhibiting transcription of the genes for enzyme production. This mechanism ensures that enzymes are not synthesized when tryptophan is already present, effectively regulating the metabolic pathway.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/City_College_of_San_Francisco/Introduction_to_Microbiology_(Liu_et_al.)/08%3A_Microbial_Metabolism_I/8.01%3A_Energy_Matter_and_EnzymesCellular processes such as the building or breaking down of complex molecules occur through series of stepwise, interconnected chemical reactions called metabolic pathways. The term anabolism refers t...Cellular processes such as the building or breaking down of complex molecules occur through series of stepwise, interconnected chemical reactions called metabolic pathways. The term anabolism refers to those endergonic metabolic pathways involved in biosynthesis, converting simple molecular building blocks into more complex molecules, and fueled by the use of cellular energy.
