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- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/14%3A_Embryonic_Development_and_its_Regulation/14.04%3A_The_OrganizerThis page explains the embryonic development of a zygote, highlighting the role of mRNA and protein gradients in determining cell fates, alongside intrinsic signals and cell interactions. It details t...This page explains the embryonic development of a zygote, highlighting the role of mRNA and protein gradients in determining cell fates, alongside intrinsic signals and cell interactions. It details the Spemann organizer's role in gastrulation and parallels with Drosophila development, emphasizing the formation of various organs such as wings, legs, and eyes. Overall, the development process encompasses axis establishment, body part formation, and detail refinement.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/18%3A_Evolution/18.04%3A_RecapitulationThis page discusses the similarities in vertebrate embryonic development, particularly during the pharyngula stage, where key structures appear. It introduces the recapitulation theory, which posits t...This page discusses the similarities in vertebrate embryonic development, particularly during the pharyngula stage, where key structures appear. It introduces the recapitulation theory, which posits that early developmental stages mirror ancestral forms, despite variations among species. The page notes that while embryos exhibit analogous features like limb bud formation, many are lost or altered later.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/19%3A_The_Diversity_of_Life/19.01%3A_Eukaryotic_Life/19.1.14%3A_ZebrafishThis page discusses the zebrafish as a vital model organism in biological research, highlighting its breeding ease, transparent embryos, and rapid development. It covers "forward" genetics, linking ph...This page discusses the zebrafish as a vital model organism in biological research, highlighting its breeding ease, transparent embryos, and rapid development. It covers "forward" genetics, linking phenotypes to genes, and "reverse" genetics, investigating gene sequences' phenotypic effects. This dual approach has advanced understanding of gene functions in zebrafish, providing insights that could relate to human biology due to genetic similarities.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/14%3A_Embryonic_Development_and_its_Regulation/14.01%3A_Embryonic_DevelopmentThis page outlines embryonic development in animals, which includes four stages: Cleavage (rapid cell division of the zygote), Patterning (cell organization and body axis establishment), Differentiati...This page outlines embryonic development in animals, which includes four stages: Cleavage (rapid cell division of the zygote), Patterning (cell organization and body axis establishment), Differentiation (activation of zygotic genes for specific cell types), and Growth. It emphasizes the transition from maternal mRNA to the embryo's genome. Research on frogs and snails illustrates the significance of mRNA distribution and protein gradients during early development.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/14%3A_Embryonic_Development_and_its_Regulation/14.05%3A_Segmentation_-_Organizing_the_EmbryoThis page details the segmentation of Drosophila melanogaster, which features 14 body segments (3 head, 3 thoracic, 8 abdominal). The segmentation is controlled by maternal mRNA gradients, particularl...This page details the segmentation of Drosophila melanogaster, which features 14 body segments (3 head, 3 thoracic, 8 abdominal). The segmentation is controlled by maternal mRNA gradients, particularly bicoid and nanos, influencing genes like hunchback and even-skipped. These gradients function as transcription factors, facilitating gene activation patterns crucial for segment formation.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_102_Laboratory_Manual%3A_Biology_of_Plants_and_Animals_(Ray_and_Jones)/01%3A_Chapters/1.09%3A_Chapter_9This page outlines the anatomy and physiology of pregnancy, focusing on the placenta, umbilical cord, and the maternal body’s changes during gestation. It explains the placenta's dual structure for nu...This page outlines the anatomy and physiology of pregnancy, focusing on the placenta, umbilical cord, and the maternal body’s changes during gestation. It explains the placenta's dual structure for nutrient and waste exchange, its protective role for the fetus, and how the umbilical cord facilitates fetal circulation, which features unique pathways.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/16%3A_The_Anatomy_and_Physiology_of_Plants/16.05%3A_Plant_Development_-_Hormones/16.5B%3A_AuxinThis page discusses auxins, particularly indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), which are vital plant hormones impacting growth, development, and responses to environmental stimuli. Auxins regulate processes lik...This page discusses auxins, particularly indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), which are vital plant hormones impacting growth, development, and responses to environmental stimuli. Auxins regulate processes like phototropism, gravitropism, and fruit development, enhancing horticultural practices. Additionally, it covers synthetic auxins like 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T, used as selective herbicides that affect broad-leaved plants while sparing grasses, though their mechanisms are not fully understood.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/19%3A_The_Diversity_of_Life/19.01%3A_Eukaryotic_Life/19.1.01%3A_TaxonomyThis page summarizes the classification of 1.7 million identified species based on shared ancestral traits, utilizing both traditional anatomical methods and modern molecular biology techniques like D...This page summarizes the classification of 1.7 million identified species based on shared ancestral traits, utilizing both traditional anatomical methods and modern molecular biology techniques like DNA-DNA hybridization and sequencing. It highlights the advantages of DNA over proteins for evolutionary analysis.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Cell_and_Molecular_Biology/Book%3A_Biofundamentals_(Klymkowsky_and_Cooper)/10%3A_Social_Systems/10.4%3A_DifferentiationIn mammals, the cells on the exterior form the trophectoderm, which goes on to form extraembryonic tissues, in particular the membranous tissues that surround the embryo and become part of the placent...In mammals, the cells on the exterior form the trophectoderm, which goes on to form extraembryonic tissues, in particular the membranous tissues that surround the embryo and become part of the placenta, the interface between the embryo and the mother.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/14%3A_Embryonic_Development_and_its_RegulationThis page discusses embryogenesis, the process of embryo development from fertilization, including zygotic genome roles in tissue-specific gene expression. It highlights frog embryology from egg to ta...This page discusses embryogenesis, the process of embryo development from fertilization, including zygotic genome roles in tissue-specific gene expression. It highlights frog embryology from egg to tadpole, the cleavage process, and the importance of mRNA and protein gradients in cell differentiation. Stem cells' capabilities of replication and differentiation are noted, as well as the implications of germline mutations.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/09%3A_Regulation_of_Gene_Expression/9.05%3A_EpigeneticsThis page discusses epigenetics, which involves heritable phenotype changes without DNA sequence alteration. It covers cellular differentiation, X-inactivation, and imprinting. Converting differentiat...This page discusses epigenetics, which involves heritable phenotype changes without DNA sequence alteration. It covers cellular differentiation, X-inactivation, and imprinting. Converting differentiated cells to induced pluripotent stem cells faces challenges in reversing epigenetic changes. DNA methylation and histone modifications lead to stable gene expression changes, regulated by key players known as "writers," "erasers," and "readers" that modify or recognize epigenetic marks.
