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- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biochemistry/Fundamentals_of_Biochemistry_(Jakubowski_and_Flatt)/02%3A_Unit_II-_Bioenergetics_and_Metabolism/20%3A_Photosynthesis_and_Carbohydrate_Synthesis_in_Plants/20.03%3A_Plant_Electron_Transport_and_ATP_SynthesisThe page provides a detailed overview of photosynthetic electron transport and ATP synthesis, emphasizing the biochemical processes and structures involved in energy conversion in chloroplasts. Key to...The page provides a detailed overview of photosynthetic electron transport and ATP synthesis, emphasizing the biochemical processes and structures involved in energy conversion in chloroplasts. Key topics include the flow of electrons from Photosystem II through cytochrome b6f and Photosystem I, leading to ATP and NADPH production.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/16%3A_The_Anatomy_and_Physiology_of_Plants/16.01%3A_Plant_Anatomy/16.1.04%3A_The_LeafThis page describes the leaf structure, highlighting its layers: the upper epidermis, which reduces water loss, and the palisade layer for photosynthesis; the spongy layer for sugar storage and gas ex...This page describes the leaf structure, highlighting its layers: the upper epidermis, which reduces water loss, and the palisade layer for photosynthesis; the spongy layer for sugar storage and gas exchange; and the lower epidermis with stomata regulated by guard cells. It also outlines the role of leaf veins, which contain xylem and phloem for water and nutrient supply, and the protective sclerenchyma cells around them, facilitating photosynthesis and food transport.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/04%3A_Cell_Metabolism/4.08%3A_Photosynthesis_-_The_Role_of_LightThis page explains photosynthesis in autotrophs, highlighting two main processes: the removal of hydrogen from water and the reduction of carbon dioxide through the Calvin Cycle. It details how electr...This page explains photosynthesis in autotrophs, highlighting two main processes: the removal of hydrogen from water and the reduction of carbon dioxide through the Calvin Cycle. It details how electrons from water create NADPH and generate ATP via photophosphorylation. Chloroplasts house thylakoid membranes with Photosystems I and II for light absorption and electron transfer, facilitating ATP synthesis through chemiosmosis.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Workbench/General_Biology_I_and_II/05%3A_Unit_V-_Biological_Diversity/5.1%3A_The_Origin_and_Diversity_of_Life/5.1.4%3A_Eukaryotic_OriginsLiving things fall into three large Domains: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. The first two are prokaryotic and the third contains all eukaryotes. A relatively sparse fossil record is available to help...Living things fall into three large Domains: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. The first two are prokaryotic and the third contains all eukaryotes. A relatively sparse fossil record is available to help discern what the first members of each of these lineages looked like, so it is possible that all the events that led to the last common ancestor of extant eukaryotes will remain unknown. However, comparative biology of currently living organisms and the fossil record provides insight.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Thompson_Rivers_University/Principles_of_Biology_II_OL_ed/03%3A_Systematics_Phylogeny_and_Biological_Diversity/3.03%3A_History_of_Life_on_Earth/3.3.04%3A_Eukaryotic_OriginsLiving things fall into three large Domains: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. The first two are prokaryotic and the third contains all eukaryotes. A relatively sparse fossil record is available to help...Living things fall into three large Domains: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. The first two are prokaryotic and the third contains all eukaryotes. A relatively sparse fossil record is available to help discern what the first members of each of these lineages looked like, so it is possible that all the events that led to the last common ancestor of extant eukaryotes will remain unknown. However, comparative biology of currently living organisms and the fossil record provides insight.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/19%3A_The_Diversity_of_Life/19.01%3A_Eukaryotic_Life/19.1.02%3A_ProtistsThis page provides an overview of protists, eukaryotic, primarily unicellular organisms with diverse evolutionary backgrounds. It highlights notable groups such as Euglenozoa, Alveolates, and Strameno...This page provides an overview of protists, eukaryotic, primarily unicellular organisms with diverse evolutionary backgrounds. It highlights notable groups such as Euglenozoa, Alveolates, and Stramenopiles, detailing their characteristics and ecological roles. Additionally, it discusses the impact of downy mildews on crops, notably during the Irish potato famine, the role of red algae in food production, and the life cycles of slime molds and choanoflagellates, linking them to animal evolution.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/03%3A_The_Cellular_Basis_of_Life/3.16%3A_Plant_CellsThis page discusses plant cells, highlighting their eukaryotic nature and key structures such as a cell wall, large central vacuoles, and chloroplasts for photosynthesis. Unlike animal cells, plant ce...This page discusses plant cells, highlighting their eukaryotic nature and key structures such as a cell wall, large central vacuoles, and chloroplasts for photosynthesis. Unlike animal cells, plant cells lack centrioles and intermediate filaments. The cell wall provides structural strength, while vacuoles store various substances and maintain turgor pressure. Plasmolysis, a condition in hypertonic environments, leads to wilting as turgor pressure decreases.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/18%3A_Evolution/18.11%3A_EndosymbiosisThis page explores the endosymbiosis theory, which suggests that eukaryotic mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from engulfed bacteria. Mitochondria contain 37 essential genes, while chloroplasts...This page explores the endosymbiosis theory, which suggests that eukaryotic mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from engulfed bacteria. Mitochondria contain 37 essential genes, while chloroplasts have 128, including those for photosynthesis. It also discusses the complex genomic relationships in some protists, particularly the chloroplast and apicoplast, the latter being crucial for apicomplexan survival. The apicoplast has a limited genome and requires proteins from the host's nucleus.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/04%3A_Cell_Metabolism/4.10%3A_ChemiosmosisThis page discusses the chemiosmotic theory of ATP synthesis in chloroplasts, supported by observations that light illumination increases the alkalinity of the surrounding medium due to proton pumping...This page discusses the chemiosmotic theory of ATP synthesis in chloroplasts, supported by observations that light illumination increases the alkalinity of the surrounding medium due to proton pumping. It describes how altering the thylakoid pH by using acidic mediums allows chloroplasts to synthesize ATP in alkaline conditions with ADP and inorganic phosphate, showcasing the role of the proton gradient in ATP production even in the absence of light.
