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- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biochemistry/Fundamentals_of_Biochemistry_(Jakubowski_and_Flatt)/02%3A_Unit_II-_Bioenergetics_and_Metabolism/20%3A_Photosynthesis_and_Carbohydrate_Synthesis_in_Plants/20.03%3A_Plant_Electron_Transport_and_ATP_SynthesisThe page provides a detailed overview of photosynthetic electron transport and ATP synthesis, emphasizing the biochemical processes and structures involved in energy conversion in chloroplasts. Key to...The page provides a detailed overview of photosynthetic electron transport and ATP synthesis, emphasizing the biochemical processes and structures involved in energy conversion in chloroplasts. Key topics include the flow of electrons from Photosystem II through cytochrome b6f and Photosystem I, leading to ATP and NADPH production.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Cell_and_Molecular_Biology/Fundamentals_of_Cell_Biology_(Dalton_and_Young)/05%3A_Mitochondria_and_Chloroplasts/5.01%3A_Evolutionary_Origins_and_Protein_TargetingThis page discusses the endosymbiont theory, detailing how mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from free-living bacteria, supported by structural and genetic evidence. It outlines the genomes of mit...This page discusses the endosymbiont theory, detailing how mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from free-living bacteria, supported by structural and genetic evidence. It outlines the genomes of mitochondria and chloroplasts, highlighting their differences in size and gene content, and examines protein import processes specific to each organelle. Mitochondrial proteins require targeting sequences for translocation, while chloroplast proteins use transit peptides and are assisted by chaperones.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Cell_and_Molecular_Biology/Fundamentals_of_Cell_Biology_(Dalton_and_Young)/05%3A_Mitochondria_and_Chloroplasts/5.04%3A_End-of-Chapter_MaterialThis page discusses the evolutionary origins of mitochondria and chloroplasts through the endosymbiont theory. It highlights their vital roles in energy production, with mitochondria generating ATP an...This page discusses the evolutionary origins of mitochondria and chloroplasts through the endosymbiont theory. It highlights their vital roles in energy production, with mitochondria generating ATP and chloroplasts converting it into carbohydrates. The chapter also explores their structures, functions, and protein import processes, supplemented by review questions and diagrams to enhance comprehension of their contributions to energy metabolism and other functions.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/16%3A_The_Anatomy_and_Physiology_of_Plants/16.01%3A_Plant_Anatomy/16.1.04%3A_The_LeafThis page describes the leaf structure, highlighting its layers: the upper epidermis, which reduces water loss, and the palisade layer for photosynthesis; the spongy layer for sugar storage and gas ex...This page describes the leaf structure, highlighting its layers: the upper epidermis, which reduces water loss, and the palisade layer for photosynthesis; the spongy layer for sugar storage and gas exchange; and the lower epidermis with stomata regulated by guard cells. It also outlines the role of leaf veins, which contain xylem and phloem for water and nutrient supply, and the protective sclerenchyma cells around them, facilitating photosynthesis and food transport.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/04%3A_Cell_Metabolism/4.08%3A_Photosynthesis_-_The_Role_of_LightThis page explains photosynthesis in autotrophs, highlighting two main processes: the removal of hydrogen from water and the reduction of carbon dioxide through the Calvin Cycle. It details how electr...This page explains photosynthesis in autotrophs, highlighting two main processes: the removal of hydrogen from water and the reduction of carbon dioxide through the Calvin Cycle. It details how electrons from water create NADPH and generate ATP via photophosphorylation. Chloroplasts house thylakoid membranes with Photosystems I and II for light absorption and electron transfer, facilitating ATP synthesis through chemiosmosis.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Cell_and_Molecular_Biology/Fundamentals_of_Cell_Biology_(Dalton_and_Young)/05%3A_Mitochondria_and_ChloroplastsThis page highlights the importance of mitochondria and chloroplasts in energy production and the carbon cycle, focusing on their structure-function relationships rather than detailed biochemical proc...This page highlights the importance of mitochondria and chloroplasts in energy production and the carbon cycle, focusing on their structure-function relationships rather than detailed biochemical processes. The textbook encourages readers to explore additional resources for a comprehensive understanding of photosynthesis and cellular respiration, offering various educational links for further study.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Workbench/General_Biology_I_and_II/05%3A_Unit_V-_Biological_Diversity/5.1%3A_The_Origin_and_Diversity_of_Life/5.1.4%3A_Eukaryotic_OriginsLiving things fall into three large Domains: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. The first two are prokaryotic and the third contains all eukaryotes. A relatively sparse fossil record is available to help...Living things fall into three large Domains: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. The first two are prokaryotic and the third contains all eukaryotes. A relatively sparse fossil record is available to help discern what the first members of each of these lineages looked like, so it is possible that all the events that led to the last common ancestor of extant eukaryotes will remain unknown. However, comparative biology of currently living organisms and the fossil record provides insight.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Cell_and_Molecular_Biology/Fundamentals_of_Cell_Biology_(Dalton_and_Young)/05%3A_Mitochondria_and_Chloroplasts/5.03%3A_Structure-Function_Relationships_in_Mitochondria_and_ChloroplastsThis page outlines learning goals about mitochondria and chloroplasts, focusing on their similarities, differences, structures, and functions. Mitochondria, known as the cell's powerhouse, produce ATP...This page outlines learning goals about mitochondria and chloroplasts, focusing on their similarities, differences, structures, and functions. Mitochondria, known as the cell's powerhouse, produce ATP and are involved in various cellular processes, while chloroplasts facilitate photosynthesis, converting light energy into carbohydrates.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/19%3A_The_Diversity_of_Life/19.01%3A_Eukaryotic_Life/19.1.02%3A_ProtistsThis page provides an overview of protists, eukaryotic, primarily unicellular organisms with diverse evolutionary backgrounds. It highlights notable groups such as Euglenozoa, Alveolates, and Strameno...This page provides an overview of protists, eukaryotic, primarily unicellular organisms with diverse evolutionary backgrounds. It highlights notable groups such as Euglenozoa, Alveolates, and Stramenopiles, detailing their characteristics and ecological roles. Additionally, it discusses the impact of downy mildews on crops, notably during the Irish potato famine, the role of red algae in food production, and the life cycles of slime molds and choanoflagellates, linking them to animal evolution.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/18%3A_Evolution/18.11%3A_EndosymbiosisThis page explores the endosymbiosis theory, which suggests that eukaryotic mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from engulfed bacteria. Mitochondria contain 37 essential genes, while chloroplasts...This page explores the endosymbiosis theory, which suggests that eukaryotic mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from engulfed bacteria. Mitochondria contain 37 essential genes, while chloroplasts have 128, including those for photosynthesis. It also discusses the complex genomic relationships in some protists, particularly the chloroplast and apicoplast, the latter being crucial for apicomplexan survival. The apicoplast has a limited genome and requires proteins from the host's nucleus.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Thompson_Rivers_University/Principles_of_Biology_II_OL_ed/03%3A_Systematics_Phylogeny_and_Biological_Diversity/3.03%3A_History_of_Life_on_Earth/3.3.04%3A_Eukaryotic_OriginsLiving things fall into three large Domains: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. The first two are prokaryotic and the third contains all eukaryotes. A relatively sparse fossil record is available to help...Living things fall into three large Domains: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. The first two are prokaryotic and the third contains all eukaryotes. A relatively sparse fossil record is available to help discern what the first members of each of these lineages looked like, so it is possible that all the events that led to the last common ancestor of extant eukaryotes will remain unknown. However, comparative biology of currently living organisms and the fossil record provides insight.
