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- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/City_College_of_San_Francisco/Introduction_to_Microbiology_OER_-_Ying_Liu/06%3A_Prokaryotic_Pathogens/6.01%3A_Prokaryote_Habitats_Relationships_and_MicrobiomesProkaryotes are unicellular microorganisms whose cells have no nucleus. Prokaryotes can be found everywhere on our planet, even in the most extreme environments. Prokaryotes are very flexible metaboli...Prokaryotes are unicellular microorganisms whose cells have no nucleus. Prokaryotes can be found everywhere on our planet, even in the most extreme environments. Prokaryotes are very flexible metabolically, so they are able to adjust their feeding to the available natural resources. Prokaryotes live in communities that interact among themselves and with large organisms that they use as hosts (including humans).
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/City_College_of_San_Francisco/Introduction_to_Microbiology_OER_-_Ying_Liu/03%3A_Macromolecules/3.05%3A_Carbohydrates_-_PolysaccharidesThe most abundant biomolecules on earth are carbohydrates. From a chemical viewpoint, carbohydrates are primarily a combination of carbon and water, and many of them have the empirical formula (CH₂O)ₙ...The most abundant biomolecules on earth are carbohydrates. From a chemical viewpoint, carbohydrates are primarily a combination of carbon and water, and many of them have the empirical formula (CH₂O)ₙ, where n is the number of repeated units. This view represents these molecules simply as “hydrated” carbon atom chains in which water molecules attach to each carbon atom, leading to the term “carbohydrates.”
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/City_College_of_San_Francisco/Introduction_to_Microbiology_OER_-_Ying_Liu/03%3A_Macromolecules/3.08%3A_Proteins_-_Building_BlocksAmino acids are capable of bonding together in essentially any number, yielding molecules of essentially any size that possess a wide array of physical and chemical properties and perform numerous fun...Amino acids are capable of bonding together in essentially any number, yielding molecules of essentially any size that possess a wide array of physical and chemical properties and perform numerous functions vital to all organisms. The molecules derived from amino acids can function as structural components of cells and subcellular entities, as sources of nutrients, as atom- and energy-storage reservoirs, and as functional species such as hormones, enzymes, receptors, and transport molecules.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/City_College_of_San_Francisco/Introduction_to_Microbiology_OER_-_Ying_Liu/01%3A_Introduction_to_Microbiology/1.E%3A_An_Invisible_World_(Exercises)Long before the invention of the microscope, some people theorized that infection and disease were spread by living things that were too small to be seen. A phylogenetic tree is a way of showing how d...Long before the invention of the microscope, some people theorized that infection and disease were spread by living things that were too small to be seen. A phylogenetic tree is a way of showing how different organisms are thought to be related to one another from an evolutionary standpoint. Which of the following is NOT a domain in Woese and Fox’s phylogenetic tree? Describe the actual and relative sizes of a virus, a bacterium, and a plant or animal cell.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/City_College_of_San_Francisco/Introduction_to_Microbiology_OER_-_Ying_Liu/01%3A_Introduction_to_MicrobiologyMicroorganisms (or microbes, as they are also called) are small organisms. Most are so small that they cannot be seen without a microscope. Most microorganisms are harmless to humans and, in fact, man...Microorganisms (or microbes, as they are also called) are small organisms. Most are so small that they cannot be seen without a microscope. Most microorganisms are harmless to humans and, in fact, many are helpful. They play fundamental roles in ecosystems everywhere on earth, forming the backbone of many food webs. People use them to make biofuels, medicines, and even foods.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/City_College_of_San_Francisco/Introduction_to_Microbiology_OER_-_Ying_Liu/13%3A_DNA_Replication_Transcription_and_Translation/13.E%3A_Mechanisms_of_Microbial_Genetics_(Exercises)Below are several DNA sequences that are mutated compared with the wild-type sequence: 3’-T A C T G A C T G A C G A T C-5’. Envision that each is a section of a DNA molecule that has separated in prep...Below are several DNA sequences that are mutated compared with the wild-type sequence: 3’-T A C T G A C T G A C G A T C-5’. Envision that each is a section of a DNA molecule that has separated in preparation for transcription, so you are only seeing the template strand.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/City_College_of_San_Francisco/Introduction_to_Microbiology_OER_-_Ying_Liu/13%3A_DNA_Replication_Transcription_and_Translation/13.03%3A_RNA_TranscriptionDuring the process of transcription, the information encoded within the DNA sequence of one or more genes is transcribed into a strand of RNA, also called an RNA transcript. The resulting single-stran...During the process of transcription, the information encoded within the DNA sequence of one or more genes is transcribed into a strand of RNA, also called an RNA transcript. The resulting single-stranded RNA molecule, composed of ribonucleotides containing the bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil, acts as a mobile molecular copy of the original DNA sequence. Transcription in prokaryotes and in eukaryotes requires the DNA double helix to partially unwind in the region of RNA synthesis.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/City_College_of_San_Francisco/Introduction_to_Microbiology_OER_-_Ying_Liu/06%3A_Prokaryotic_Pathogens/6.03%3A_Nonproteobacteria_Gram-negative_Bacteria_and_Phototrophic_BacteriaGram-negative nonproteobacteria include the taxa spirochetes; the Cytophaga, Fusobacterium, Bacteroides group; Planctomycetes; and many representatives of phototrophic bacteria. Spirochetes are motile...Gram-negative nonproteobacteria include the taxa spirochetes; the Cytophaga, Fusobacterium, Bacteroides group; Planctomycetes; and many representatives of phototrophic bacteria. Spirochetes are motile, spiral bacteria with a long, narrow body; they are difficult or impossible to culture. Several genera of spirochetes contain human pathogens that cause such diseases as syphilis and Lyme disease. Cytophaga, Fusobacterium, and Bacteroides are classified together as a phylum called the CFB group.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/City_College_of_San_Francisco/Introduction_to_Microbiology_OER_-_Ying_Liu/06%3A_Prokaryotic_Pathogens/6.05%3A_Deeply_Branching_BacteriaDeeply branching bacteria are phylogenetically the most ancient forms of life, being the closest to the last universal common ancestor. Deeply branching bacteria include many species that thrive in e...Deeply branching bacteria are phylogenetically the most ancient forms of life, being the closest to the last universal common ancestor. Deeply branching bacteria include many species that thrive in extreme environments that are thought to resemble conditions on earth billions of years ago. Deeply branching bacteria are important for our understanding of evolution; some of them are used in industry
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/City_College_of_San_Francisco/Introduction_to_Microbiology_OER_-_Ying_Liu/10%3A_Microbial_Metabolism_II/10.02%3A_FermentationFermentation uses an organic molecule as a final electron acceptor to regenerate NAD⁺ from NADH so that glycolysis can continue. Fermentation does not involve an electron transport system, and no ATP ...Fermentation uses an organic molecule as a final electron acceptor to regenerate NAD⁺ from NADH so that glycolysis can continue. Fermentation does not involve an electron transport system, and no ATP is made by the fermentation process directly. Fermenters make very little ATP—only two ATP molecules per glucose molecule during glycolysis. Microbial fermentation processes have been used for the production of foods and pharmaceuticals, and for the identification of microbes.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/City_College_of_San_Francisco/Introduction_to_Microbiology_OER_-_Ying_Liu/07%3A_Viruses/7.03%3A_Viruses/7.3.06%3A_Animal_Virus_Life_Cycles/7.3.6A%3A_The_Productive_Life_Cycle_of_Animal_VirusesFor a virus to infect a host cell, that cell must have receptors for the virus on its surface and also be capable of supporting viral replication. Adsorption involves the binding of attachment sites o...For a virus to infect a host cell, that cell must have receptors for the virus on its surface and also be capable of supporting viral replication. Adsorption involves the binding of attachment sites on the viral surface with receptor sites on the host cell cytoplasmic membrane. Once adsorbed, many viruses enter the host cell by endocytosis, whereby the host cell cytoplasmic membrane invaginates and pinches off, placing the virus in an endocytic vesicle.
