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- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Microbiology_for_Earth_Scientists_(Kirk)/06%3A_Basic_Environmental_Controls/6.06%3A_Interactions_between_controlsOverview of interaction effects between environmental controls and how they can affect microbial populations.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Microbiology_for_Earth_Scientists_(Kirk)/13%3A_Impacts_to_the_Atmosphere/13.10%3A_ReferencesSaunois, M., Stavert, A.R., Poulter, B., Bousquet, P., Canadell, J.G., Jackson, R.B., Raymond, P.A., Dlugokencky, E.J., Houweling, S., Patra, P.K., Ciais, P., Arora, V.K., Bastviken, D., Bergamaschi, ...Saunois, M., Stavert, A.R., Poulter, B., Bousquet, P., Canadell, J.G., Jackson, R.B., Raymond, P.A., Dlugokencky, E.J., Houweling, S., Patra, P.K., Ciais, P., Arora, V.K., Bastviken, D., Bergamaschi, P., Blake, D.R., Brailsford, G., Bruhwiler, L., Carlson, K.M., Carrol, M., Castaldi, S., Chandra, N., Crevoisier, C., Crill, P.M., Covey, K., Curry, C.L., Etiope, G., Frankenberg, C., Gedney, N., Hegglin, M., Hoglund-Isaksson, L., Hugelius, G., Ishizawa, M., Ito, A., Janssens-Maenhout, G., Jensen, …
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Microbiology_for_Earth_Scientists_(Kirk)/14%3A_Impacts_to_the_Hydrosphere/14.04%3A_Examples_of_microbial_impacts_to_chemical_contaminants/14.4.03%3A_Acid_mine_drainageOxidation is thought to initiate with direct reaction between sulfide minerals and oxygen, which can be described with the following reaction in which sulfide minerals are represented by pyrite \(\lef...Oxidation is thought to initiate with direct reaction between sulfide minerals and oxygen, which can be described with the following reaction in which sulfide minerals are represented by pyrite \(\left(\text{FeS}_{2}\right)\) (Nordstrom et al., 2015): \[\text{FeS}_{2} + 3.5 \ \text{O}_{2} \ (aq) + \text{H}_{2} \text{O} \longleftrightarrow 2 \ \text{SO}_{4}^{2-} + \text{Fe}^{2+} + 2 \ \text{H}^{+}\]
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Microbiology_for_Earth_Scientists_(Kirk)/11%3A_Mechanisms_of_Microbial_ImpactsThis chapter examines the coupled mechanisms by which microorganisms can impact their environments, as divided into the categories of reaction catalysis, biomass generation, mineral formation, and min...This chapter examines the coupled mechanisms by which microorganisms can impact their environments, as divided into the categories of reaction catalysis, biomass generation, mineral formation, and mineral dissolving.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Microbiology_for_Earth_Scientists_(Kirk)/08%3A_Thermodynamic_Controls/8.01%3A_Mass_actionThe definition, calculation, and reaction equilibrium significance of reaction quotients. Activity and fugacity
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Microbiology_for_Earth_Scientists_(Kirk)/01%3A_Earths_Microbiome/1.01%3A_Some_key_features_of_Earths_MicrobiomeTherefore, microbial life can be difficult to comprehend not only because of their small size and vast abundance but also in terms of the time scales of population turnover, which range from more rapi...Therefore, microbial life can be difficult to comprehend not only because of their small size and vast abundance but also in terms of the time scales of population turnover, which range from more rapid to far longer than that of humans. The exact timing of when or where life on Earth began is unknown but evidence exists in rock record for life by about 3.5 billion years (Schopf et al., 2007) and possibly as old as 4.28 billion years (Dodd et al., 2017).
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Microbiology_for_Earth_Scientists_(Kirk)/14%3A_Impacts_to_the_Hydrosphere/14.04%3A_Examples_of_microbial_impacts_to_chemical_contaminants/14.4.01%3A_NitrateIn the US, results of long-term monitoring of principal aquifers by scientists at the US Geological Survey found that nitrate concentrations exceed the US EPA maximum contaminant level in 4.4% of the ...In the US, results of long-term monitoring of principal aquifers by scientists at the US Geological Survey found that nitrate concentrations exceed the US EPA maximum contaminant level in 4.4% of the 2,132 wells sampled (DeSimone et al., 2014).
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Microbiology_for_Earth_Scientists_(Kirk)/12%3A_Impacts_to_the_Lithosphere/12.06%3A_12.6_ReferencesBenefits Associated with the Stalk of Gallionella ferruginea, Evaluated by Comparison of a Stalk-Forming and a Non-Stalk-Forming Strain and Biofilm Studies in Situ. Maps of benthic foraminiferal distr...Benefits Associated with the Stalk of Gallionella ferruginea, Evaluated by Comparison of a Stalk-Forming and a Non-Stalk-Forming Strain and Biofilm Studies in Situ. Maps of benthic foraminiferal distribution and environmental changes in Long Island Sound between the 1940s and the 1990s, in: Georeferenced Sea-Floor Mapping and Bottom Photography in Long Island Sound, Open-File Report 00-304.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Microbiology_for_Earth_Scientists_(Kirk)/04%3A_Redox_and_MechanismMicroorganisms drive oxidation-reduction reactions (i.e., redox reactions) forward to obtain energy for life functions and to obtain nutrients needed to make biomass. Environments influence what redox...Microorganisms drive oxidation-reduction reactions (i.e., redox reactions) forward to obtain energy for life functions and to obtain nutrients needed to make biomass. Environments influence what redox reactions are available to the microbial community, and by driving the reactions forward, the microbes influence the geochemical evolution of the system. We begin this chapter by reviewing some of the basics of redox reactions and then discuss the major categories of microbial metabolisms.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Microbiology_for_Earth_Scientists_(Kirk)/08%3A_Thermodynamic_Controls/8.05%3A_Redox_zonationEffects of zonation in electron acceptor use, and reasons for why a redox zonation model for predicting microbial processes is an oversimplification.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Microbiology_for_Earth_Scientists_(Kirk)/12%3A_Impacts_to_the_Lithosphere/12.01%3A_Examples_of_biomineralization/12.1.03%3A_Iron_(oxyhydr)oxides\[\begin{align} & \text{Fe}^{3+} + 6 \ \text{H}_{2}\text{O} \longleftrightarrow \text{Fe} \left(\text{H}_{2}\text{O}\right)_{6}^{3+} \\ & \text{Fe} \left(\text{H}_{2}\text{O}\right)_{6}^{3+} \longleft...\[\begin{align} & \text{Fe}^{3+} + 6 \ \text{H}_{2}\text{O} \longleftrightarrow \text{Fe} \left(\text{H}_{2}\text{O}\right)_{6}^{3+} \\ & \text{Fe} \left(\text{H}_{2}\text{O}\right)_{6}^{3+} \longleftrightarrow \text{Fe(OH)} \left(\text{H}_{2}\text{O}\right)_{5}^{2+} + \text{H}^{+} \\ & \text{Fe(OH)} \left(\text{H}_{2}\text{O}\right)_{5}^{2+} \longleftrightarrow \text{Fe(OH)}_{2} \left(\text{H}_{2}\text{O}\right)_{4}^{+} + \text{H}^{+} \\ & \text{Fe(OH)}_{2} \left(\text{H}_{2}\text{O}\right)_{4…
