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- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biotechnology/Bio-OER_(CUNY)/06%3A_Photosynthesis/6.03%3A_Absorbance_Spectra_of_Photosynthetic_PigmentsVisible light wavelengths (between 400nm-700nm) are strongly absorbed by the pigments in leaves. These pigments utilize the energy of these wavelengths to take part in the light reactions. The cellula...Visible light wavelengths (between 400nm-700nm) are strongly absorbed by the pigments in leaves. These pigments utilize the energy of these wavelengths to take part in the light reactions. The cellular structure of leaves does not absorb wavelengths longer than these wavelengths (>700nm in the infra-red range). By comparing the amount of visible light to the amount of near infra-red lights that are reflected, one can gauge the relative health of leaves, forests, or jungles.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biotechnology/Bio-OER_(CUNY)/08%3A_Analyzing_DNA/8.01%3A_IntroductionAgarose is a linear carbohydrate polymer purified from the cell walls of certain species of algae. Agar is a combination of the crude extract that contains agarose and the smaller polysaccharide agaro...Agarose is a linear carbohydrate polymer purified from the cell walls of certain species of algae. Agar is a combination of the crude extract that contains agarose and the smaller polysaccharide agaropectin. When dissolved and melted in liquid, agarose strands become tangled together to form a netting that holds the fluid in a gel. Reduction of the fluid creates a higher percentage of the gel that is firmer and contains smaller pores within the netting.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/San_Diego_State_University/BT@SDSU/02%3A_Resources_and_Reading_Materials/2.01%3A_Bio-OER_(CUNY)/2.1.02%3A_Chemistry/2.1.2.09%3A_ProteinsProteins provide much of the structural and functional capacity of cells. Proteins are composed of monomers called amino acids. Amino Acids are hydrocarbons that have an amino group (-NH2) and an acid...Proteins provide much of the structural and functional capacity of cells. Proteins are composed of monomers called amino acids. Amino Acids are hydrocarbons that have an amino group (-NH2) and an acidic carboxyl group (-COOH). The R group represents a hydrocarbon chain with a modification that alters the properties of the amino acid. 20 universal amino acids are used to construct proteins.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/San_Diego_State_University/BT@SDSU/02%3A_Resources_and_Reading_Materials/2.01%3A_Bio-OER_(CUNY)/2.1.02%3A_Chemistry/2.1.2.08%3A_LipidsLipids are the class of macromolecules that mostly serve as long-term energy storage. Additionally, they serve as signaling molecules, water sealant, structure, and insulation. Lipids are insoluble in...Lipids are the class of macromolecules that mostly serve as long-term energy storage. Additionally, they serve as signaling molecules, water sealant, structure, and insulation. Lipids are insoluble in polar solvents such as water and are soluble in nonpolar solvents such as ether and acetone.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/San_Diego_State_University/BT@SDSU/02%3A_Resources_and_Reading_Materials/2.01%3A_Bio-OER_(CUNY)/2.1.15%3A_Protein_Production
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/San_Diego_State_University/BT@SDSU/02%3A_Resources_and_Reading_Materials/2.01%3A_Bio-OER_(CUNY)/2.1.16%3A_Bioinformatics/2.1.16.05%3A_Primer-BLASTPrimer-BLAST is a combination of a program called Primer3 that aids in the design of primers with specific properties and BLAST. Primer-BLAST allows for the construction of primers for qPCR where the ...Primer-BLAST is a combination of a program called Primer3 that aids in the design of primers with specific properties and BLAST. Primer-BLAST allows for the construction of primers for qPCR where the user can specify the melting temperature, reduce the amount of self-priming, and span exon-exon junctions in order to avoid amplification of contaminating genomic DNA. This process ensures that the primers designed fall within your design parameters and most likely only amplify your interested gene.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/San_Diego_State_University/BT@SDSU/02%3A_Resources_and_Reading_Materials/2.01%3A_Bio-OER_(CUNY)/2.1.08%3A_Analyzing_DNA/2.1.8.08%3A_D1S80_VNTR_(Genotyping)The minisatellite marker D1S80 is located at 1p35-p36. This VNTR is 16 bases long. With a variation of alleles between 3-24 repeats, the locus displays enough diversity to aid in distinguishing betwee...The minisatellite marker D1S80 is located at 1p35-p36. This VNTR is 16 bases long. With a variation of alleles between 3-24 repeats, the locus displays enough diversity to aid in distinguishing between people. Although this is not a CoDIS marker, the use of multiple loci is required to definitively identify samples. The large repeat (16bp) permits the use of standard agarose gel electrophoresis to explore the diversity of this locus in our lab. PCR products range from 430bp to 814bp long.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/San_Diego_State_University/BT@SDSU/02%3A_Resources_and_Reading_Materials/2.01%3A_Bio-OER_(CUNY)/2.1.02%3A_Chemistry
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/San_Diego_State_University/BT@SDSU/02%3A_Resources_and_Reading_Materials/2.01%3A_Bio-OER_(CUNY)/2.1.02%3A_Chemistry/2.1.2.03%3A_Biologically_Important_MacromoleculesLiving things are composed of organic molecules primarily made up of the elements carbon and hydrogen. Molecules of hydrogen and carbon (referred to as hydrocarbons) have the property of being nonpola...Living things are composed of organic molecules primarily made up of the elements carbon and hydrogen. Molecules of hydrogen and carbon (referred to as hydrocarbons) have the property of being nonpolar. Yet 70- 90% of cells are composed of water (a polar compound). Polar substances mix with other polar substances. Likewise, non-polar substances interact with other non-polar compounds. Polar and non-polar compounds are immiscible (unable to mix).
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/San_Diego_State_University/BT@SDSU/02%3A_Resources_and_Reading_Materials/2.01%3A_Bio-OER_(CUNY)/2.1.04%3A_Osmosis_and_Diffusion/2.1.4.03%3A_Do_Larger_Things_Diffuse_Faster_(Activity)Agar is a gelatinous substance derived from a structural carbohydrate found in seaweed. It is often used in cooking as a vegetarian alternative to gelatin and can be used as a thickener. Altering the ...Agar is a gelatinous substance derived from a structural carbohydrate found in seaweed. It is often used in cooking as a vegetarian alternative to gelatin and can be used as a thickener. Altering the amount of fluid solution will change the pores between fibers. More fluid will create a looser gel that has larger spaces between molecules. Reducing the fluid solution volume will conversely create a stiffer gel with smaller spaces between fibers.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/San_Diego_State_University/BT@SDSU/02%3A_Resources_and_Reading_Materials/2.01%3A_Bio-OER_(CUNY)/2.1.07%3A_Cell_Division/2.1.7.01%3A_IntroductionThe cell cycle refers to a series of events that describe the metabolic processes of growth and replication of cells. The bulk of the cell cycle is spent in the “living phase”, known as interphase. In...The cell cycle refers to a series of events that describe the metabolic processes of growth and replication of cells. The bulk of the cell cycle is spent in the “living phase”, known as interphase. Interphase is further broken down into 3 distinct phases: G1 (Gap 1), S (Synthesis) and G2 (Gap 2). G1 is the phase of growth when the cell is accumulating resources to live and grow.
