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- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/City_College_of_San_Francisco/Introduction_to_Microbiology/07%3A_Microbial_Biochemistry/7.03%3A_ProteinsAmino acids are capable of bonding together in essentially any number, yielding molecules of essentially any size that possess a wide array of physical and chemical properties and perform numerous fun...Amino acids are capable of bonding together in essentially any number, yielding molecules of essentially any size that possess a wide array of physical and chemical properties and perform numerous functions vital to all organisms. The molecules derived from amino acids can function as structural components of cells and subcellular entities, as sources of nutrients, as atom- and energy-storage reservoirs, and as functional species such as hormones, enzymes, receptors, and transport molecules.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Portland_Community_College/Cascade_Microbiology/21%3A_Appendix_A_-_Biochemistry_Review/21.4%3A_ProteinsAmino acids are capable of bonding together in essentially any number, yielding molecules of essentially any size that possess a wide array of physical and chemical properties and perform numerous fun...Amino acids are capable of bonding together in essentially any number, yielding molecules of essentially any size that possess a wide array of physical and chemical properties and perform numerous functions vital to all organisms. The molecules derived from amino acids can function as structural components of cells and subcellular entities, as sources of nutrients, as atom- and energy-storage reservoirs, and as functional species such as hormones, enzymes, receptors, and transport molecules.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/North_Central_State_College/BIOL_1550%3A_Microbiology_(2025)/03%3A_Macromolecules/3.09%3A_Protein_StructuresAmino acids are capable of bonding together in essentially any number, yielding molecules of essentially any size that possess a wide array of physical and chemical properties and perform numerous fun...Amino acids are capable of bonding together in essentially any number, yielding molecules of essentially any size that possess a wide array of physical and chemical properties and perform numerous functions vital to all organisms. The molecules derived from amino acids can function as structural components of cells and subcellular entities, as sources of nutrients, as atom- and energy-storage reservoirs, and as functional species such as hormones, enzymes, receptors, and transport molecules.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/02%3A_The_Molecules_of_Life/2.08%3A_EnantiomersThis page explains the tetrahedral arrangement of carbon atoms forming four covalent bonds, exemplified by methane. It discusses how the presence of different groups around carbon can lead to enantiom...This page explains the tetrahedral arrangement of carbon atoms forming four covalent bonds, exemplified by methane. It discusses how the presence of different groups around carbon can lead to enantiomers, using alanine as an example of L- and D- formations, emphasizing the predominance of L amino acids in protein synthesis. Chirality's importance is highlighted, noting that a protein's functionality depends on its shape.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Microbiology_(OpenStax)/07%3A_Microbial_Biochemistry/7.04%3A_ProteinsAmino acids are capable of bonding together in essentially any number, yielding molecules of essentially any size that possess a wide array of physical and chemical properties and perform numerous fun...Amino acids are capable of bonding together in essentially any number, yielding molecules of essentially any size that possess a wide array of physical and chemical properties and perform numerous functions vital to all organisms. The molecules derived from amino acids can function as structural components of cells and subcellular entities, as sources of nutrients, as atom- and energy-storage reservoirs, and as functional species such as hormones, enzymes, receptors, and transport molecules.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biochemistry/Fundamentals_of_Biochemistry_(Jakubowski_and_Flatt)/02%3A_Unit_II-_Bioenergetics_and_Metabolism/18%3A_Nitrogen_-_Amino_Acid_Catabolism/18.01%3A_The_Biochemistry_of_Nitrogen_in_the_BiosphereThe document explores the nitrogen cycle from a biochemical perspective, covering key reactions such as nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, and ammonification. It discusses the challeng...The document explores the nitrogen cycle from a biochemical perspective, covering key reactions such as nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, and ammonification. It discusses the challenges and impacts of industrial nitrogen fixation through the Haber-Bosch process, thermodynamic and kinetic considerations, and the role of microorganisms in these transformations.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/City_College_of_San_Francisco/Introduction_to_Microbiology_(Liu_et_al.)/03%3A_Macromolecules/3.08%3A_Proteins_-_Building_BlocksAmino acids are capable of bonding together in essentially any number, yielding molecules of essentially any size that possess a wide array of physical and chemical properties and perform numerous fun...Amino acids are capable of bonding together in essentially any number, yielding molecules of essentially any size that possess a wide array of physical and chemical properties and perform numerous functions vital to all organisms. The molecules derived from amino acids can function as structural components of cells and subcellular entities, as sources of nutrients, as atom- and energy-storage reservoirs, and as functional species such as hormones, enzymes, receptors, and transport molecules.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/02%3A_The_Molecules_of_Life/2.07%3A_Amino_AcidsThis page explains that amino acids, the building blocks of proteins, come in 20 types. Each has a unique "R" group affecting its properties, with nine essential amino acids required from the diet, in...This page explains that amino acids, the building blocks of proteins, come in 20 types. Each has a unique "R" group affecting its properties, with nine essential amino acids required from the diet, including histidine and leucine. It highlights the importance for vegetarians to ensure sufficient intake of lysine and tryptophan, which are commonly deficient in plant proteins.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/02%3A_The_Molecules_of_Life/2.09%3A_PolypeptidesThis page explains that the amino acid sequence in polypeptides is dictated by codons in mRNA, which originate from the DNA sequence, and that proteins are made up of one or more polypeptide chains.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biochemistry/Fundamentals_of_Biochemistry_(Jakubowski_and_Flatt)/02%3A_Unit_II-_Bioenergetics_and_Metabolism/13%3A_Glycolysis_Gluconeogenesis_and_the_Pentose_Phosphate_Pathway/13.03%3A_GluconeogenesisThe page provides an in-depth exploration of gluconeogenesis, a metabolic process that generates glucose from non-carbohydrate sources. Key topics include the pathway's role in maintaining blood gluco...The page provides an in-depth exploration of gluconeogenesis, a metabolic process that generates glucose from non-carbohydrate sources. Key topics include the pathway's role in maintaining blood glucose levels, especially during fasting or low-carbohydrate intake, its occurrence primarily in the liver and kidneys, and the detailed enzymatic steps involved.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Map%3A_Raven_Biology_12th_Edition/03%3A_The_Chemical_Building_Blocks_of_Life/3.04%3A_Proteins-_Molecules_with_Diverse_Structures_and_Functions/3.4.2%3A_Amino_AcidsAn amino acid contains an amino group, a carboxyl group, and an R group, and it combines with other amino acids to form polypeptide chains.
