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- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Portland_Community_College/Cascade_Microbiology/21%3A_Appendix_A_-_Biochemistry_Review/21.4%3A_ProteinsAmino acids are capable of bonding together in essentially any number, yielding molecules of essentially any size that possess a wide array of physical and chemical properties and perform numerous fun...Amino acids are capable of bonding together in essentially any number, yielding molecules of essentially any size that possess a wide array of physical and chemical properties and perform numerous functions vital to all organisms. The molecules derived from amino acids can function as structural components of cells and subcellular entities, as sources of nutrients, as atom- and energy-storage reservoirs, and as functional species such as hormones, enzymes, receptors, and transport molecules.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/04%3A_Cell_Metabolism/4.12%3A_Intermediary_MetabolismThis page discusses how cells primarily utilize glucose for energy, although other nutrients like fats and proteins can also be metabolized to produce ATP. It highlights the metabolic pathways connect...This page discusses how cells primarily utilize glucose for energy, although other nutrients like fats and proteins can also be metabolized to produce ATP. It highlights the metabolic pathways connecting these different energy sources and emphasizes the necessity of obtaining certain unsaturated fats and essential amino acids from dietary sources.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/09%3A_Regulation_of_Gene_Expression/9.13%3A_RibozymesThis page discusses ribozymes, RNA molecules with catalytic properties, which were discovered two decades ago, shifting the focus from proteins as the sole enzymes. It highlights their role in RNA pro...This page discusses ribozymes, RNA molecules with catalytic properties, which were discovered two decades ago, shifting the focus from proteins as the sole enzymes. It highlights their role in RNA processing, particularly in tRNA, rRNA, and mRNA, often through self-splicing. Key examples include ribonuclease P and Group I and II introns. Additionally, it touches on spliceosomes and viroids, noting that viroids can infect plants and exhibit self-splicing capabilities similar to ribozymes.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/11%3A_Genomics/11.11%3A_Antisense_Oligodeoxynucleotides_and_their_Therapeutic_PotentialThis page discusses antisense oligonucleotides, synthetic polymers designed to inhibit protein synthesis by binding to mRNA. They work by blocking ribosome function, degrading mRNA, or preventing spli...This page discusses antisense oligonucleotides, synthetic polymers designed to inhibit protein synthesis by binding to mRNA. They work by blocking ribosome function, degrading mRNA, or preventing splicing errors. Effective therapy requires evasion of nucleases and minimal side effects, often achieved through chemical modifications and targeted delivery.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/14%3A_Embryonic_Development_and_its_Regulation/14.04%3A_The_OrganizerThis page explains the embryonic development of a zygote, highlighting the role of mRNA and protein gradients in determining cell fates, alongside intrinsic signals and cell interactions. It details t...This page explains the embryonic development of a zygote, highlighting the role of mRNA and protein gradients in determining cell fates, alongside intrinsic signals and cell interactions. It details the Spemann organizer's role in gastrulation and parallels with Drosophila development, emphasizing the formation of various organs such as wings, legs, and eyes. Overall, the development process encompasses axis establishment, body part formation, and detail refinement.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/North_Central_State_College/BIOL_1550%3A_Microbiology_(2025)/03%3A_Macromolecules/3.09%3A_Protein_StructuresAmino acids are capable of bonding together in essentially any number, yielding molecules of essentially any size that possess a wide array of physical and chemical properties and perform numerous fun...Amino acids are capable of bonding together in essentially any number, yielding molecules of essentially any size that possess a wide array of physical and chemical properties and perform numerous functions vital to all organisms. The molecules derived from amino acids can function as structural components of cells and subcellular entities, as sources of nutrients, as atom- and energy-storage reservoirs, and as functional species such as hormones, enzymes, receptors, and transport molecules.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Tzu_Chi_University/Biochemistry_Experiment_Manual/02%3A_Preparation_of_Ovalbumin_and_Lysozyme/2.04%3A_Ion-exchange_ChromatographyThis page discusses how charged groups on protein surfaces influence their solubility and solvent interactions, introducing the isoelectric point (pI). It describes ion exchange chromatography using D...This page discusses how charged groups on protein surfaces influence their solubility and solvent interactions, introducing the isoelectric point (pI). It describes ion exchange chromatography using DEAE-cellulose for protein separation based on charge, emphasizing salt concentration variations during elution.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Monterey_Peninsula_College/Raskoff_Environmental_Science/02%3A_Environmental_SystemsThis chapter outlines the fundamental components of life, emphasizing that matter consists of atoms forming biological macromolecules essential for cellular functions. It highlights the importance of ...This chapter outlines the fundamental components of life, emphasizing that matter consists of atoms forming biological macromolecules essential for cellular functions. It highlights the importance of energy and water for life, defines cells as the smallest unit of life with specialized organelles, and discusses how energy enters ecosystems via photosynthesis.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Microbiology_(OpenStax)/07%3A_Microbial_Biochemistry/7.04%3A_ProteinsAmino acids are capable of bonding together in essentially any number, yielding molecules of essentially any size that possess a wide array of physical and chemical properties and perform numerous fun...Amino acids are capable of bonding together in essentially any number, yielding molecules of essentially any size that possess a wide array of physical and chemical properties and perform numerous functions vital to all organisms. The molecules derived from amino acids can function as structural components of cells and subcellular entities, as sources of nutrients, as atom- and energy-storage reservoirs, and as functional species such as hormones, enzymes, receptors, and transport molecules.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/03%3A_The_Cellular_Basis_of_Life/3.02%3A_Cell_MembranesThis page explains the plasma membrane as a universal cell feature, acting as a boundary between the interior and environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer with hydrophobic tails inward and i...This page explains the plasma membrane as a universal cell feature, acting as a boundary between the interior and environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer with hydrophobic tails inward and includes integral and peripheral membrane proteins. Integral proteins traverse the bilayer, while peripheral proteins are loosely attached. Some proteins are fixed in place by the cytoskeleton or extracellular matrix, and others are restricted by tight junctions.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/02%3A_The_Molecules_of_Life/2.09%3A_PolypeptidesThis page explains that the amino acid sequence in polypeptides is dictated by codons in mRNA, which originate from the DNA sequence, and that proteins are made up of one or more polypeptide chains.
