Search

Text Color

Margin Size

Font Type

Enable Dyslexic Font

2.2: Catabolism of glucose-glycolysis as the first pathway tells us about some general metabolic principles

Last updated

Jun 3, 2019
Save as PDF
- 2.1: Carbohydrates- structure and diversity in biology
- 2.3: Catabolism of other sugars- organisms can catabolize sugars other than glucose

$\newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} }$

$\newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash {#1}}}$

$\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}$ $\newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}$

( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) $\newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}$

$\newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}$ $\newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}$

$\newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}$ $\newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}$

$\newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}$

$\newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}$

$\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}$

$\newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}$

$\newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}$

$\newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}$

$\newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}$

$\newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}$

$\newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}$

$\newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}$

$\newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}$

$\newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}$ $\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}$

$\newcommand{\vectorA}[1]{\vec{#1}} % arrow$

$\newcommand{\vectorAt}[1]{\vec{\text{#1}}} % arrow$

$\newcommand{\vectorB}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} }$

$\newcommand{\vectorC}[1]{\textbf{#1}}$

$\newcommand{\vectorD}[1]{\overrightarrow{#1}}$

$\newcommand{\vectorDt}[1]{\overrightarrow{\text{#1}}}$

$\newcommand{\vectE}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{\mathbf {#1}}}}$

$\newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} }$

$\newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash {#1}}}$

$\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}$

$\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}$

$\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}$

$\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}$

$\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}$

$\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}$

$\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}$

$\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}$

$\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}$

$\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}$

$\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}$

$\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}$

$\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}$

$\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}$

$\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}$

$\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}$

$\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}$

$\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}$

$\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}$

$\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}$

$\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}$

$\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}$

$\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}$

$\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}$

$\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}$

$\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}$

$\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}$

$\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}$

$\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}$

$\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}$

$\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}$

$\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}$

$\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}$

$\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}$

$\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}$

$\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}$

$\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}$

$\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}$

$\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}$

$\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}$

$\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}$

$\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}$

$\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}$

$\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}$

$\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}$

$\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}$

$\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}$

$\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}$

$\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}$

$\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}$

$\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}$

$\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}$

$\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}$

$\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}$

$\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}$

$\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}$

$\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}$

$\newcommand{\lt}{<}$

$\newcommand{\gt}{>}$

$\newcommand{\amp}{&}$

$\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}$

10 First reaction of glycolysis.jpg

11 glycolysis.jpg

12 aldol condensationcleavage.jpg

13 NAD.jpg

14 G3Pdehydrog.mechanism.jpg

15 Hydrolysis reactions.jpg

Tables of standard free energies of hydrolysis

Table A. Compounds considered to be "High Energy" Compounds

Pi= inorganic phosphate (doesn’t specify a species) = major species at biological pH is $\mathrm{HPO_{4}^{2-}}$

Compound (hydrolysis reaction is shown where more than one is possible)	$\mathrm{\Delta G^{\circ'}\: (kJ/mol)}$	Transfer Potential= $\mathrm{\|\Delta G ^{\circ'}\|}$	Compound type	Reason for large $\mathrm{\Delta G^{\circ'}}$ of hydrolysis S=Substrate P=Product
PEP	-61.9	61.9	Enolic phosphate	P tatuomerizes (pyruvate) P resonance stability (Pi)
1,3-bisPGA	-49.3	49.3	Acyl phosphate (phosphoric acid + carboxylic acid)	P ionizaiton (PGA) Increased P resonance stability (Pi and PGA)
Phosphocreatine	-43.0	43.0	Guanidine phoshpate	P resonance stability
$\mathrm{ATP \rightarrow AMP + PPi}$	-45.6	45.6	Phosphoric acid anhydride	P resonance stability P ionization S bond strain due to electrostatic repulsion
$\mathrm{ADP \rightarrow AMP + Pi}$	-32.8	32.8	Phosphoric acid anhydirde	Same as for $\mathrm{ATP \rightarrow AMP + P}$
$\mathrm{ATP \rightarrow ADP + Pi}$	-30.5	30.5	Phosphoric acid anhydride	Same as for $\mathrm{ATP \rightarrow AMP + P}$
UDP-Glucose	-31.9	31.9	Sugar nucleotide	P resonance stability P ionization
Acetyl Coenzyme A	-31.4	31.4	Thioester	S no resonance stabilization P ionization P resonance stabilization
S-adenosylmethionine	-25.6	25.6	Sulfonium salt	Sulfur more stable in P P less charge repulsion

Table B. Compounds considered NOT to be "High Energy" Compounds

Compound

$\mathrm{\Delta G ^{\circ'}\: (kJ/mol)}$

Transfer Potential

Compound type

Reason for

$\mathrm{\Delta G^{\circ'}}$ of hydrolysis smaller than compounds in Table A.

$\mathrm{AMP \rightarrow adenosine + Pi}$

-14.2

14.2

Phosphate ester

S no destabilizing electrostatic repulsion

P (Adenine) doesn't ionize

$\mathrm{Glc-6-P \rightarrow Glc + HPO_{4}^{2-}}$

-13.8

13.8

Phosphate ester

S no electrostatic repulsion

"high energy" bonds are those whose hydrolysis proceeds with $\mathrm{\Delta G ^{\circ’}}$ more negative than -25kJ/mol

Most values from Principles of Biochemistry pp. 521.

17 Fermentation.jpg

Systematic	Common
ATP:hexose 6-phosphotransferase	Hexokinase
ATP:GLC 6-phosphotransferase	Glucokinase (liver)
GLC-6-P ketolisomerase	Phosphoglucose isomerase
ATP:F-6-P 1-phosphotransferase	Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1)
F-1,6-bisP G-3-P-lyase	aldolase
G-3-P ketolisomerase	Triose phosphate isomerase
G-3-P:(\mathrm{NAD^{+}}\) oxidoreductase (phosphorylating)	G-3-P dehydrogenase
ATP:3-PGA 1-phosphotransferase	Phosphoglycerate kinase
3-PGA 2,3-phosphoisomerase	Phosphoglycerate mutase
2-PGA hydro-lyase	Enolase
ATP:enol-pyruvate phosphotransferase	Pyruvate kinase
Lactate: $\mathrm{NAD^{+}}$ oxidoreductase	Lactate dehydrogenase
Pyruvate carboxy-lyase	Pyruvate decarboxylase
Ethanol: $\mathrm{NAD^{+}}$ oxidoreductase	Alcohol dehydrogenase

18 glycolysis as internal redox.jpg

Support Center

How can we help?