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4: Buffers, Polyprotic acids; Amphoteric Substances,

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    6094
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    Reading & Problems: LNC p. 63-66, p. 72 prob. 12, 15-18, 20-29; Segel p. 92 prob. 25 a,d,f (note: pKa for ammonia is 9.26), 32, 34, 38a (here is the external link: solution to 38a, but see if you can do it yourself first!), p. 93 prob. 40, 42 (if additional clarification is needed, read Segel p. 31- 41, 53-62)

    I. Buffers - mixtures of conjugate acid and conjugate base at ±1 pH unit from pH = pKa. Resistant to changes in pH in response to small additions of H+ or OH-.

    II. Polyprotic acids - dissociation of each H+ can be treated separately if the pKa values are different.

    III. Amphoteric substances - can act as both acids and bases.

    IV. Introduction to proteins - linear chains of amino acids connected by peptide bonds.

    1. Enzymes - protein catalysts, facilitate/enable most of the reactions in a cell.
    2. Binding - receptors mediate communication, O2 storage and transport (myoglobin, hemoglobin), antibodies for defense.
    3. Channels/pumps - proteins embed in cell membranes allow selective flow or transport of small molecules.
    4. Structure - collagen in connective tissue of animals, extensin in plant cell walls.
    5. Movement - dynamic assembly of cytoskeleton (actin filaments, microtubules), motor proteins provide directional movement of cells and subcellular components.

    V. external link: alpha amino acids - 20 different ones are used in protein synthesis. The properties page also links to external link: 3-D structure views.

    Some additional take home information

    Lecture 4 info.jpg

    Contributors


    4: Buffers, Polyprotic acids; Amphoteric Substances, is shared under a not declared license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by LibreTexts.

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