15.3.1.2.2: Rhinovirus
- Page ID
- 42680
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Virus
- Genetic material: (+)-ssRNA
- member of the Picornaviridae family (derived from small (pico) RNA (rna) viridae (viruses))
- Virion structure: naked icosahedral
- Glycoprotein adhesin(s) (spikes): vary in structure among the hundreds of strains and are not prominent spikes on surface; one reason it is difficult to make vaccine for the "common cold"
Replication
- (+)-sense RNA is used directly by infected host cell as mRNA to make viral proteins
- RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) is used to make (-)-sense RNA copies of the genome; the (-)-sense RNA can then be used as template to make more (+)-sense RNA genome
- Replicate best at 33 degree Celicius (lower than body temperature) and are thus limited to replication in cooler areas such as the nose
Transmission
- Extremely infective - one viral particle is enough to cause infection in 50% of people
- Infected person can spread virus through droplets, aerosols, fomites, hand-to-hand contact
- Washing hands is one of the best preventions of the common cold
Baby holding stuffed Rhinovirus (this is not my son, but he did love his "Rhino" :) ) ("Baby + rhinovirus" by quinn.anya is licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0)
Epidemiology
- Everyone is susceptible
- sometimes acquire immunity to strains previously exposed to, but immunity often short-lived
- Not fatal unless leads to secondary infection such as pneumonia
Clinical Disease
- Common cold
- Causes >50% of common colds
- other causes being coronaviruses (10-15%), human parainfluenza viruses, human respiratory syncytial virus, adenoviruses, enteroviruses, and metapneumovirus
- Symptoms include coughing, sore throat, runny nose, and sometimes mild fever
- cause by reaction of the immune system to the infection
- Usually resolve in seven to ten days, with some symptoms lasting up to three weeks
- Treatment is symptom relief; there is no cure, although some studies suggest some treatments (zinc, pleconaril) can reduce duration and severity of symptoms
- Causes >50% of common colds
- Also implicated in otitis media, sinusitis, and exacerbation of asthma in children (https://academic.oup.com/jid/article/195/6/765/876640)
Additional Information: https://www.cdc.gov/features/rhinoviruses/