14: Immunology
- Page ID
- 42552
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)Chapter 14 BIOL 235 Learning Outcomes
- Describe the three levels of immune protection, including major components, and whether they are specific or non-specific.
- Describe the "jobs" of neutrophils and macrophages (covered in lecture, but not explicitly in book) as well as the roles of phagocytes in general.
- Describe the process of phagocytosis, including the roles of phagosome, lysosome, and phagolysosome.
- Explain the role of opsonins in phagocytosis.
- Describe Toll-like receptors and their action in relation to pathogen-associated (a.k.a. microbe-associated) molecular patterns (PAMPs a.k.a. MAMPs).
- Describe the general mechanism of action and targets of interferon and complement.
- Explain the process of fever production, including the role of pyrogens and the hypothalamus.
- Provide three benefits of fever in fighting infection.
- Define antigen.
- Distinguish between natural/artificial and passive/active immunity.
- Compare and contrast the humoral and cell-mediated specific immune responses, including cells involved and targets.
- Explain the concept of clonal slection in lymphocyte development.
- Explain the purposes of the two major histocompatibility complexes (MHC I, MHC II).
- Describe the possible immunological effects of antibodies on free antigens, pathogens, or abnormal cells.
- Identify the different types of antibodies and their major roles in the immune response.
- Define antigen presenting cell (APC).
- Describe the activation of B cells by T-helper cells, including the roles of macrophages (or other APCs), MHC II, antigen, plasma cells, memory cells.
- Describe the primary and secondary immune responses, including the immunoglobulins that dominate during each.
- Explain (diagram) the interactions between immune cells and proteins involved in recognizing and removing foreign antigens from the body.
- Describe the different functions of CD4 cells (helper T) and CD8 cells (cytotoxic T).
- Describe the immunologic principle behind vaccination.
- Give the origin of the term vaccination.
- Explain the concept of herd immunity.
- Describe the types of vaccine and give pros and cons of each type.
- Identify the vaccines for tetanus, Haemophilus influenza (Hib), Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus), Influenzavirus, and Varicella-Zoster Virus as subunit, inactivated, attenuated, or toxoid.
- Explain what antivenin, antitoxin, and antiserum are and provide examples of medical conditions in which each of these would be used.
- Explain how the number of antigens in vaccines has changed over time and why vaccination does not “overload” children’s immune systems
- 14.1: Innate Nonspecific Host Defenses
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- 14.2: Specific Adaptive Host Defenses
- This page outlines the architecture of the immune system, highlighting humoral immunity, which uses antibodies for extracellular pathogen targeting, and cellular immunity that employs T lymphocytes for intracellular pathogens. It also covers how vaccines enhance adaptive immunity by stimulating memory cell production, leading to robust secondary responses. Furthermore, the page discusses different forms of artificial immunity and the mechanisms through which vaccines provide protection.
Thumbnail: "Anthrax bacteria (green) being swallowed by an immune system cell" by ZEISS Microscopy is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0