Chapter 3 Exercises

Review Questions for Chapter 3

Multiple Choice

 

1) Which of the following has the highest energy?

1. light with a long wavelength
2. light with an intermediate wavelength
3. light with a short wavelength
4. It is impossible to tell from the information given.

 

2) You place a specimen under the microscope and notice that parts of the specimen begin to emit light immediately. These materials can be described as _____________.

1. fluorescent
2. phosphorescent
3. transparent
4. opaque

 

3) Who was the first to describe “cells” in dead cork tissue?

1. Hans Janssen
2. Zaccharias Janssen
3. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
4. Robert Hooke

 

4) Who is the probable inventor of the compound microscope?

1. Girolamo Fracastoro
2. Zaccharias Janssen
3. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
4. Robert Hooke

 

5) Which would be the best choice for viewing internal structures of a living protist such as a Paramecium?

1. a brightfield microscope with a stain
2. a brightfield microscope without a stain
3. a darkfield microscope
4. a transmission electron microscope

 

6) Which type of microscope is especially useful for viewing thick structures such as biofilms?

1. a transmission electron microscope
2. a scanning electron microscopes
3. a phase-contrast microscope
4. a confocal scanning laser microscope
5. an atomic force microscope

 

7) Which type of microscope would be the best choice for viewing very small surface structures of a cell?

1. a transmission electron microscope
2. a scanning electron microscope
3. a brightfield microscope
4. a darkfield microscope
5. a phase-contrast microscope

 

8) What type of microscope uses an annular stop?

1. a transmission electron microscope
2. a scanning electron microscope
3. a brightfield microscope
4. a darkfield microscope
5. a phase-contrast microscope

 

9) What type of microscope uses a cone of light so that light only hits the specimen indirectly, producing a darker image on a brighter background?

1. a transmission electron microscope
2. a scanning electron microscope
3. a brightfield microscope
4. a darkfield microscope
5. a phase-contrast microscope

 

10) What mordant is used in Gram staining?

1. crystal violet
2. safranin
3. acid-alcohol
4. iodine

 

11) What is one difference between specimen preparation for a transmission electron microscope (TEM) and preparation for a scanning electron microscope (SEM)?

1. Only the TEM specimen requires sputter coating.
2. Only the SEM specimen requires sputter-coating.
3. Only the TEM specimen must be dehydrated.
4. Only the SEM specimen must be dehydrated.

 

12) The smallest unit of biological structure that meets the functional requirements of “living” is the ________.

1. organ
2. organelle
3. cell
4. macromolecule

 

13) Viruses are not considered living because they ________.

1. are not made of cells
2. lack cell nuclei
3. do not contain DNA or RNA
4. cannot reproduce

 

14) The presence of a membrane-enclosed nucleus is a characteristic of ________.

1. prokaryotic cells
2. eukaryotic cells
3. living organisms
4. bacteria

 

Fill-in-the-Blanks

 

15) When you see light bend as it moves from air into water, you are observing _________.

 

16) A microscope that uses multiple lenses is called a _________ microscope.

 

17) Chromophores that absorb and then emit light are called __________.

 

18) In a(n) _______ microscope, a probe located just above the specimen moves up and down in response to forces between the atoms and the tip of the probe.

 

19) What is the total magnification of a specimen that is being viewed with a standard ocular lens and a 40⨯ objective lens?

 

20) Ziehl-Neelsen staining, a type of _______ staining, is diagnostic for Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

 

21) The _______ is used to differentiate bacterial cells based on the components of their cell walls.

 

22) The four main parts of a cell are collectively responsible for the properties of life. For example, DNA directly influences evolution and reproduction.  The ___________ is directly influential over regulation, including homeostasis.

 

Short Answer

 

23) Explain how a prism separates white light into different colors.

 

24) Why is Antonie van Leeuwenhoek’s work much better known than that of Zaccharias Janssen?

 

25) Why did the cork cells observed by Robert Hooke appear to be empty, as opposed to being full of other structures?

 

26) What is the function of the condenser in a brightfield microscope?

 

27) Art Connection: Label each component of the brightfield microscope.

 

28) How could you identify whether a particular bacterial sample contained specimens with mycolic acid-rich cell walls?

 

29) Select two items that biologists agree are necessary in order to consider an organism “alive.” For each, give an example of a nonliving object that otherwise fits the definition of “alive.”

 

Critical Thinking

 

30) Which of the following has the lowest energy?

1. visible light
2. X-rays
3. ultraviolet rays
4. infrared rays

 

31) When focusing a light microscope, why is it best to adjust the focus using the coarse focusing knob before using the fine focusing knob?

 

32) You need to identify structures within a cell using a microscope. However, the image appears very blurry even though you have a high magnification. What are some things that you could try to improve the resolution of the image? Describe the most basic factors that affect resolution when you first put the slide onto the stage; then consider more specific factors that could affect resolution for 40⨯ and 100⨯ lenses.

 

33) You use the Gram staining procedure to stain an L-form bacterium (a bacterium that lacks a cell wall). What color will the bacterium be after the staining procedure is finished?

 

34) You go for a long walk on a hot day. Give an example of a way in which homeostasis keeps your body healthy.

 

35) Using examples, explain how biology can be studied from a microscopic approach to a global approach.