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Exercises: Microbiology (Kaiser)
17.E: Bacterial Growth and Energy Production (Exercises)

17.E: Bacterial Growth and Energy Production (Exercises)

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Jan 26, 2025
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- 16.E: Hypersensitivities (Exercises)
- 18.E: Microbial Metabolism (Exercises)

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These are homework exercises to accompany Kaiser's "Microbiology" TextMap. Microbiology is the study of microorganisms, which are defined as any microscopic organism that comprises either a single cell (unicellular), cell clusters or no cell at all (acellular). This includes eukaryotes, such as fungi and protists, and prokaryotes. Viruses and prions, though not strictly classed as living organisms, are also studied.

17.1: Bacterial Growth

Study the material in this section and then write out the answers to these question. Do not just click on the answers and write them out. This will not test your understanding of this tutorial.

Match the following:

_____ A population doubles every generation time.

_____ One cell splits in two.

_____ The time it takes for a population of organisms to double in number.
1. binary fission
2. generation time
3. geometric progression
If you started with 1000 E. coli with a generation time of 30 minutes, how many bacteria would you have after 3 hours?
Match the following:

_____ Phase where the population grows slowly or stops growing because of decreasing food, increasing waste, and lack of space. The rate of replication is balanced out by the rate of inhibition or death.

_____ Phase where the population dies exponentially from the accumulation of waste products, although the rate of death depends on the degree of toxicity and the resistance of the species.

_____ Phase where growth is relatively flat and the population appears either not to be growing or growing quite slowly. During this phase the newly inoculated cells are adapting to their new environment and synthesizing the molecules they will need in order to grow rapidly.

_____ Phase where the population increases geometrically as long as there is sufficient food and space for growth.
1. Lag phase
2. Exponential (log) growth phase
3. Stationary phase
4. Death (decline) phase

17.2: Factors that Influence Bacterial Growth

Study the material in this section and then write out the answers to these question. Do not just click on the answers and write them out. This will not test your understanding of this tutorial.

Matching

_____ Bacteria that grow best at moderate temperatures. Their optimum growth temperature is between 25C and 45C.

_____ Cold-loving bacteria. Their optimum growth temperature is between -5C and 15C. They are usually found in the Arctic and Antarctic regions and in streams fed by glaciers.

_____ Organisms that grow with or without oxygen, but generally better with oxygen.

_____ Organisms that grow onlyin the absense of oxygen and, in fact, are often inhibited or killed by its presense.

_____ An environment where the water concentration is greater outside the cell and the solute concentration is higher inside. Water goes into the cell.

_____ Organisms that use the oxidation and reduction of chemical compounds as their primary energy source.

_____ Organisms that use light as an energy source and carbon dioxideas their main carbon source.

_____ Organisms that use organic compounds as both an energy source and a carbon source.

_____ Organisms that use light as an energy source but cannot convert carbon dioxide into energy. Instead they use organic compounds as a carbon source.
1. photoautotrophs
2. photoheterotrophs
3. chemolithoautotrophs
4. chemooganoheterotrophs
5. phototroph
6. heterotroph
7. hypertonic
8. hypotonic
9. obligate aerobe
10. facultative anaerobe
11. obligate anaerobe
12. psychrophile
13. mesophile
14. thermophile

17.3: Energy Conversion in Microorganisms

17.4: Cellular Respiration

Study the material in this section and then write out the answers to these question. Do not just click on the answers and write them out. This will not test your understanding of this tutorial.

An exergonic processes by which energy released by the breakdown of organic compounds such as glucose can be used to synthesize ATP, the form of energy required to do cellular work. This best describes:
1. anabolism
2. catabolism
Intermediate molecules that link catabolic and anabolic pathways; can be either oxidized to generate ATP or can be used to synthesize macromolecular subunits such as amino acids, lipids, and nucleotides.
Define cellular respiration.
Pathways that do not require oxygen are said to be:
1. aerobic
2. anaerobic
Name an exergonic pathway that requires molecular oxygen (O₂).
Name two anaerobic exergonic forms of cellular respiration.

17.5: Photosynthesis

1. Organisms that absorb and convert light energy into the stored energy of chemical bonds in organic molecules through a process called photosynthesis best describes:

a. anoxygenic photoautotrophs
b. oxygenic photoautotrophs

2. Name the two stages of photosynthesis.

3. Define photon.

4. Describe what happens when photons of visible light energy strike certain atoms of pigments during photosynthesis and how this can lead to the generation of ATP.

5. Fill in the blank.

The inner membrane of a chloroplast encloses a fluid-filled region called the __________ that contains enzymes for the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis. Infolding of this inner membrane forms interconnected stacks of disk-like sacs called __________ , often arranged in stacks called __________ .

6. Name three different types of pigments that play a role in photosynthesis by absorbing light energy.

7. State the reactants and the products for photosynthesis and indicate which are oxidized and which are reduced.

8. Briefly describe the overall function of the light-dependent reactions in photosynthesis.

9. Where in the chloroplasts do the light-dependent reactions occur?

a. In the thylakoids.
b. In the stroma.

10. The parts of a photosystem that are able to trap light and transfer energy to a complex of chlorophyll molecules and proteins called the reaction center are called _____________.

11. In Photosystem II, the electrons lost by chlorophyll P680 molecules are replaced by:

a. the electrons traveling down the electron transport system of Photosystem I
b. the electrons released by the splitting of water

12. The primary function of Photosystem II is to produce:

a. ATP
b. NADPH

13. Briefly describe how ATP is generated by chemiosmosis during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.

14. In Photosystem I, the electrons lost by chlorophyll P700 molecules are replaced by:

a. the electrons traveling down the electron transport system of Photosystem II
b. the electrons released by the splitting of water

15. The primary function of Photosystem I is to produce:

a. ATP
b. NADPH

16. Involves only Photosystem I and generates ATP but not NADPH. This best describes:

a. cyclic photophosphorylation
b. noncyclic photophosphorylation

17. Briefly describe the overall function of the light-independent reactions in photosynthesis.

18. Where in the chloroplasts do the light-independent reactions occur?

a. In the thylakoids.
b. In the stroma.

19. State how the light-dependent and light-independent reactions are linked during photosynthesis.

20. Briefly describe the following stages of the Calvin cycle:

a. CO2 fixation
b. production of G3P
c. regeneration of RuBP

21. State the significance of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) in the Calvin cycle.

22. Is the following statement true or false?

During the C4 pathway for fixing CO2, CO2 from the air combines with ribulose bisphosphate to begin the Calvin cycle.

23. Plants that live in very dry condition and, unlike other plants, open their stomata to fix CO2 only at night best describes:

a. C4 plants
b. C3 plants
c. CAM plants

24. C4 and CAM pathways evolved for plants that live in _____________________ climates.

a. hot, humid
b. cold, dry
c. hot, dry

17.1: Bacterial Growth

17.2: Factors that Influence Bacterial Growth

17.3: Energy Conversion in Microorganisms

17.4: Cellular Respiration

17.5: Photosynthesis

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