2.34: Physarum - A Plasmodial Slime Mold

Physarum: a plasmodial slime mold

Physarum is a member of a group that is unfamiliar (to most) but whose members are actually relatively common. They can commonly seen on mulch used in landscaping and occur as a large thin, amorphous 'blob' of yellow or cream colored material that usually hardens in a day or two. They also are commonly found on decaying wood in the forest.

Physarum polycephalum

Phylogeny and taxonomy

Since they are heterotrophic, mobile and (generally) unicellular they used to be considered 'protozoa' ; other early treatments put them with fungi because they produce spores and fruiting bodies. Like a number of other 'misfit' groups, the plasmodial slime molds can be placed in the Protist kingdom, a heterogenous assemblage of eukaryotic groups that do not readily fall with animals, plants or fungi. In certain stages plasmodial slime molds look like a giant, multinucleate amoebae and they are sometimes grouped with other similar looking things (including the amoebae often seen in introductory biology classes as well as cellular slime molds (see Dictyostelium) in a group that may be called the Amoebazoa. However, looks can be deceiving and apparently not all amoebae-like things belong (phylogenetically) together, i.e. amoeboid 'looks' evolved more than once and a group with all amoebae-like things (e.g. the Rhizopoda)is paraphyletic (i.e. groups together organisms with different origins). Consequently, the Amoebazoadoes not include all amoebae-like things.

Physarum growing on 4” petri dish with flakes of oatmeal for food

Structure

Physarum is eukaryotic and is capable of ingesting material by phagocytosis. The cells are multinucleate (coenocytic), forming a thin film called a plasmodium that spreads across its substrate, often with visible branching channels occurring within the structure. They often can become several centimeters in size, flowing over a substrate (soil, leaves, branches or logs. They exhibit an easily seen (with a hand lens or dissecting scope) cytoplasmic streaming, the result of the interaction of motor proteins with microfilaments (actin filaments). Their normal food is bacteria or other minute organisms. They also can live off of dead organic matter (e.g. oatmeal, which is often used to feed it in the laboratory). Under adverse conditions the cytosol thickens and dries out forming a structure called a sclerotia that can survive in an inactive state for a prolonged period.

Close up of plasmodium growing on oatmeal agar, showing channels and fan-like growth ~ 1 cm in extent.

Reproduction

The large cell often reproduces by fragmentation, which can also happen with the dried sclerotia. The plasmodium can also dramatically transform from a blob of cytoplasm to a rigid structure consisting of numerous sporangia, often stalked structures with a round capsule (sporangium) at their top, in which are formed haploid spores created as the result of a meiotic cell division that occurs in the developing sporangium. The spores are dispersed and, when they germinate, form uninucleate amoeboid (haploid) cells that grow and divide and can develop, also loose, a flagellum. At some point some of these cells are capable of fusing with each other and having their nuclei also fuse. This diploid cell is capable of growing and forming a large, multinucleate cell, the plasmodium.

Plasmodium just starting to coalesce to form fruiting bodies

Plasmodium mature fruiting bodies

Matter and Energy

Physarum is both predatory heterotroph, capturing (by phagocytosis) other living organisms (primarily bacteria) and also a saprophyte, feeding on dead organic material. In either case they break down their food's biomolecules into simple sugars, amino acids, etc. and reform them into their own biomolecules. That is, they are typical heterotrophs.

Interactions

Plasmodial slime molds interact in a trophic manner with their prey and with organisms that eat them (either the plasmodium or the spores). They need moist conditions to grow and changes in their growth pattern (spore germination, formation of sporangia and sclerotia) are triggered by environmental conditions.

Dog vomit 'fungus' (actually slime mold) is fairly commonly seen growing on bark compost. This organism is just starting to sporulate and in a day will be dried out with a relatively solid structure.

Further Reading

Plasmodial slime molds have been shown to be capable of a type of 'reasoning' (depending upon how one defines it. In addition to the links listed below Youtube has several excellent videos of slime molds.

• “Brainless Slime Mold Physarum polycephalum Shows Intelligence” from SciTechDaily.com
  • http://scitechdaily.com/brainless-slime-mold-physarum-polycephalum-shows-intelligence/
• “Life Cycle of Physarum polycephalum” by PhysarumPlus
  • http://www.educationalassistance.org/Physarum/LifeCycle.html
• “Life Cycle of Physarum”
  • http://www.biologydiscussion.com/fungi/life-cycle-of-physarum-with-diagram-fungi/63114