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- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Principles_of_Biology/02%3A_Chapter_2/15%3A_Protein_Synthesis/15.05%3A_TranslationEach mRNA molecule can be simultaneously translated by many ribosomes, all synthesizing protein in the same direction: reading the mRNA from 5′ to 3′ and synthesizing the polypeptide from the N termin...Each mRNA molecule can be simultaneously translated by many ribosomes, all synthesizing protein in the same direction: reading the mRNA from 5′ to 3′ and synthesizing the polypeptide from the N terminus to the C terminus (refer to Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\) – the N terminus is the end of the amino acid with the Nitrogen; the C terminus is the end with the Carbon).
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Folsom_Lake_College/BIOL_310%3A_General_Biology_(Wada)/05%3A_DNA_DNA_Technology/5.01%3A_Molecular_Biology/5.1.04%3A_TranslationThe synthesis of proteins is one of a cell’s most energy-consuming metabolic processes. In turn, proteins account for more mass than any other component of living organisms (with the exception of wate...The synthesis of proteins is one of a cell’s most energy-consuming metabolic processes. In turn, proteins account for more mass than any other component of living organisms (with the exception of water), and proteins perform a wide variety of the functions of a cell. The process of translation, or protein synthesis, involves decoding an mRNA message into a polypeptide product. Amino acids are covalently strung together in lengths ranging from approximately 50 amino acids to more than 1,000.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Principles_of_Biology/02%3A_Chapter_2/14%3A_Mutations/14.01%3A_How_do_genes_direct_the_production_of_proteinsDuring the process of transcription, the information stored in a gene’s DNA is used as a blueprint to produce a similar molecule called RNA (ribonucleic acid) in the cell nucleus. The type of RNA that...During the process of transcription, the information stored in a gene’s DNA is used as a blueprint to produce a similar molecule called RNA (ribonucleic acid) in the cell nucleus. The type of RNA that contains the information for making a protein is called messenger RNA (mRNA) because it carries the information, or message, from the DNA out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/09%3A_Regulation_of_Gene_Expression/9.13%3A_RibozymesThis page discusses ribozymes, RNA molecules with catalytic properties, which were discovered two decades ago, shifting the focus from proteins as the sole enzymes. It highlights their role in RNA pro...This page discusses ribozymes, RNA molecules with catalytic properties, which were discovered two decades ago, shifting the focus from proteins as the sole enzymes. It highlights their role in RNA processing, particularly in tRNA, rRNA, and mRNA, often through self-splicing. Key examples include ribonuclease P and Group I and II introns. Additionally, it touches on spliceosomes and viroids, noting that viroids can infect plants and exhibit self-splicing capabilities similar to ribozymes.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Map%3A_Raven_Biology_12th_Edition/15%3A_Genes_and_How_They_Work/15.07%3A_The_Process_of_TranslationThe synthesis of proteins is one of a cell’s most energy-consuming metabolic processes. In turn, proteins account for more mass than any other component of living organisms (with the exception of wate...The synthesis of proteins is one of a cell’s most energy-consuming metabolic processes. In turn, proteins account for more mass than any other component of living organisms (with the exception of water), and proteins perform a wide variety of the functions of a cell. The process of translation, or protein synthesis, involves decoding an mRNA message into a polypeptide product. Amino acids are covalently strung together in lengths ranging from approximately 50 amino acids to more than 1,000.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biochemistry/Fundamentals_of_Biochemistry_(Jakubowski_and_Flatt)/03%3A_Unit_III-_Information_Pathway/26%3A_Protein_Metabolism/26.02%3A_Protein_SynthesisThe page provides an in-depth overview of the translation process in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Key learning goals include understanding the central role of translation in gene expression,...The page provides an in-depth overview of the translation process in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Key learning goals include understanding the central role of translation in gene expression, comprehending the molecular machinery involved, outlining the stages of translation (initiation, elongation, termination), analyzing the energetics and fidelity of protein synthesis, and comparing the translation mechanisms in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Workbench/Bio_11A_-_Introduction_to_Biology_I/20%3A_Translation/20.02%3A_Basics_of_TranslationEach mRNA molecule can be simultaneously translated by many ribosomes, all synthesizing protein in the same direction: reading the mRNA from 5′ to 3′ and synthesizing the polypeptide from the N termin...Each mRNA molecule can be simultaneously translated by many ribosomes, all synthesizing protein in the same direction: reading the mRNA from 5′ to 3′ and synthesizing the polypeptide from the N terminus to the C terminus (refer to Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\) – the N terminus is the end of the amino acid with the Nitrogen; the C terminus is the end with the Carbon).
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Cosumnes_River_College/Contemporary_Biology_(Aptekar)/07%3A_Molecular_Biology_and_Biotechnology/7.04%3A_TranslationThe synthesis of proteins is one of a cell’s most energy-consuming metabolic processes. In turn, proteins account for more mass than any other component of living organisms (with the exception of wate...The synthesis of proteins is one of a cell’s most energy-consuming metabolic processes. In turn, proteins account for more mass than any other component of living organisms (with the exception of water), and proteins perform a wide variety of the functions of a cell. The process of translation, or protein synthesis, involves decoding an mRNA message into a polypeptide product. Amino acids are covalently strung together in lengths ranging from approximately 50 amino acids to more than 1,000.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Wheaton_College_Massachusetts/Principles_of_Biochemistry/01%3A_Biology_and_Chemistry_Review/1.02%3A_TranslationThe synthesis of proteins is one of a cell’s most energy-consuming metabolic processes. In turn, proteins account for more mass than any other component of living organisms (with the exception of wate...The synthesis of proteins is one of a cell’s most energy-consuming metabolic processes. In turn, proteins account for more mass than any other component of living organisms (with the exception of water), and proteins perform a wide variety of the functions of a cell. The process of translation, or protein synthesis, involves decoding an mRNA message into a polypeptide product. Amino acids are covalently strung together in lengths ranging from approximately 50 amino acids to more than 1,000.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Universiti_Putra_Malaysia/ESC4103_-_Environmental_Microbiology_(Universiti_Putra_Malaysia)/05%3A_Microbial_Genetics/5.06%3A_Translation-_Protein_Synthesis/5.6A%3A_Processing_of_tRNAs_and_rRNAsrRNA and tRNA are structural molecules that aid in protein synthesis but are not themselves translated into protein.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/06%3A_Gene_Expression/6.04%3A_The_Translation_of_RNA_into_ProteinsThis page covers the structure and role of alanine transfer RNA (tRNA) in protein synthesis, detailing its helical regions, anticodons, and the translation process, which includes initiation, elongati...This page covers the structure and role of alanine transfer RNA (tRNA) in protein synthesis, detailing its helical regions, anticodons, and the translation process, which includes initiation, elongation, and termination. It emphasizes the concept of codon bias, which affects protein synthesis efficiency, and addresses issues like premature termination codons (PTCs) and nonstop transcripts.
