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- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/City_College_of_San_Francisco/Introduction_to_Microbiology_(Liu_et_al.)/22%3A_Adaptive_Immunity_IHigher animals, such as humans, possess an adaptive immune defense, which is highly specific for individual microbial pathogens. This specific adaptive immunity is acquired through active infection or...Higher animals, such as humans, possess an adaptive immune defense, which is highly specific for individual microbial pathogens. This specific adaptive immunity is acquired through active infection or vaccination and serves as an important defense against pathogens that evade the defenses of innate immunity.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/15%3A_The_Anatomy_and_Physiology_of_Animals/15.04%3A_Immune_System/15.4W%3A_VaccinesThis page discusses vaccination established by Edward Jenner, which involves using dead or weakened pathogens to stimulate the immune system. It details various vaccine types and their roles against d...This page discusses vaccination established by Edward Jenner, which involves using dead or weakened pathogens to stimulate the immune system. It details various vaccine types and their roles against diseases like diphtheria, polio, and hepatitis, highlighting success in eradicating smallpox. The text notes ongoing challenges against polio and viruses like HIV-1, while introducing the potential of DNA vaccines that can elicit robust immune responses.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/19%3A_The_Diversity_of_Life/19.02%3A_Microbes/19.2G%3A_The_Rapid_Identification_of_MicroorganismsThis page highlights the importance of diagnosing infections and food safety testing to identify harmful organisms. It reviews detection methods including traditional culturing, PCR for rapid but cont...This page highlights the importance of diagnosing infections and food safety testing to identify harmful organisms. It reviews detection methods including traditional culturing, PCR for rapid but contamination-sensitive results, and longer immunoassays. A new rapid biosensor, CANARY, is introduced, which uses genetically engineered B lymphocytes to detect antigens, emitting light when specific antigens are present. This method is noted for its high sensitivity, specificity, and speed.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/19%3A_The_Diversity_of_Life/19.03%3A_VirusesThis page discusses various types of viruses, including bacteriophages like φX174 that infect E. coli, and highlights the historical impact of smallpox as a deadly disease in Europe and the New World....This page discusses various types of viruses, including bacteriophages like φX174 that infect E. coli, and highlights the historical impact of smallpox as a deadly disease in Europe and the New World. It also addresses retroviruses, specifically HIV-1 and HIV-2, which have RNA genomes and are linked to AIDS.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/19%3A_The_Diversity_of_Life/19.03%3A_Viruses/19.3D%3A_SmallpoxThis page discusses the renewed concerns regarding the use of biological agents, particularly the smallpox virus, in terrorism. Smallpox was eradicated in 1980 through effective vaccination and a lack...This page discusses the renewed concerns regarding the use of biological agents, particularly the smallpox virus, in terrorism. Smallpox was eradicated in 1980 through effective vaccination and a lack of animal reservoirs. Edward Jenner's pioneering vaccine using cowpox replaced the more dangerous variolation method.
