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- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/11%3A_Genomics/11.13%3A_MetagenomicsThis page explores microbial genome studies, emphasizing the shortcomings of traditional culturing methods. It describes the advantages of modern sequencing technologies, such as DNA extraction, PCR, ...This page explores microbial genome studies, emphasizing the shortcomings of traditional culturing methods. It describes the advantages of modern sequencing technologies, such as DNA extraction, PCR, and shotgun sequencing, in analyzing complex microbial ecosystems. Examples from diverse environments like the Sargasso Sea and human colon demonstrate how metagenomics uncovers previously unknown microbial diversity and functions.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/City_College_of_San_Francisco/Introduction_to_Genetics/14%3A_Genomics_and_Systems_Biology/14.03%3A_Whole_Genome_SequencingThis page explains the necessity of genome assembly in sequencing, due to short read lengths (45bp to 700bp) versus the large size of human genomes (3 billion bp). It describes two main strategies: cl...This page explains the necessity of genome assembly in sequencing, due to short read lengths (45bp to 700bp) versus the large size of human genomes (3 billion bp). It describes two main strategies: clone-by-clone sequencing, utilizing mapped DNA fragments, and whole genome shotgun sequencing, which assembles small fragments without a map. While shotgun sequencing is prevalent, it often needs supplementary methods for complete assemblies.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/City_College_of_San_Francisco/Introduction_to_Genetics/14%3A_Genomics_and_Systems_Biology/14.02%3A_DNA_SequencingThis page discusses DNA sequencing and its techniques, including dideoxy sequencing, which uses modified nucleotides to determine sequences, and capillary electrophoresis for fragment analysis. It hig...This page discusses DNA sequencing and its techniques, including dideoxy sequencing, which uses modified nucleotides to determine sequences, and capillary electrophoresis for fragment analysis. It highlights next-generation sequencing methods like Illumina, which improve speed and cost-effectiveness by sequencing multiple short templates at once but notes the limitation of these short lengths in certain applications.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/05%3A_DNA/5.08%3A_DNA_Sequencing_by_the_Dideoxy__MethodThis page discusses the DNA sequencing process, detailing the preparation of a single strand of template DNA and the use of nucleotides and dideoxynucleotides with fluorescent tags. This method allows...This page discusses the DNA sequencing process, detailing the preparation of a single strand of template DNA and the use of nucleotides and dideoxynucleotides with fluorescent tags. This method allows for the detection of nucleotides during DNA synthesis by polymerase I. An example DNA sequence from the lysU gene of E. coli is also included, featuring 455 nucleotides.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/09%3A_Regulation_of_Gene_Expression/9.07%3A_FootprintingThis page explains the technique of footprinting, which is used to identify DNA sequences where DNA-binding proteins attach. It involves cloning the DNA with the binding site, labeling it, and digesti...This page explains the technique of footprinting, which is used to identify DNA sequences where DNA-binding proteins attach. It involves cloning the DNA with the binding site, labeling it, and digesting it with DNase I to create radioactive fragments. Protein-bound regions, such as the lac repressor, remain undigested, resulting in gaps on an autoradiogram. By comparing these gaps to a DNA sequencing ladder, the specific base sequence of the operator can be determined.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/05%3A_DNA/5.12%3A_PyrosequencingThis page discusses efforts by scientists to sequence genomes of different organisms to better understand evolution, microbial diversity, and human disease genetics. While traditional DNA sequencing i...This page discusses efforts by scientists to sequence genomes of different organisms to better understand evolution, microbial diversity, and human disease genetics. While traditional DNA sequencing is common, innovations like pyrosequencing offer faster and more cost-effective alternatives. Pyrosequencing works by fragmenting DNA, replicating it on beads, and using light emissions to identify sequences, achieving the capability to process 20 million base pairs in six hours.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/05%3A_DNA/5.09%3A_Genome_SizesThis page discusses the genome of organisms, highlighting that diploid species inherit genes from both parents and showcasing the diversity in genome sizes. It presents the C value paradox, underlinin...This page discusses the genome of organisms, highlighting that diploid species inherit genes from both parents and showcasing the diversity in genome sizes. It presents the C value paradox, underlining the lack of correlation between genome size and complexity. It notes that not all genes are crucial for survival, with examples from Mycoplasma genitalium and humans.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/05%3A_DNA/5.15%3A_Metagenomics_-_Exploring_the_Microbial_WorldThis page explores advancements in metagenomics focused on unexplored microbial ecosystems, utilizing DNA sequencing technologies for microbial analysis. It highlights techniques like 16S rDNA and sho...This page explores advancements in metagenomics focused on unexplored microbial ecosystems, utilizing DNA sequencing technologies for microbial analysis. It highlights techniques like 16S rDNA and shotgun sequencing to uncover diverse organisms and their functions, including antibiotic resistance and enzyme production.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/05%3A_DNA/5.07%3A_Restriction_EnzymesThis page discusses restriction enzymes, which are bacterial DNA-cutting enzymes that enable precise DNA cleavage, facilitating sequencing and producing uniform fragments for analysis. The development...This page discusses restriction enzymes, which are bacterial DNA-cutting enzymes that enable precise DNA cleavage, facilitating sequencing and producing uniform fragments for analysis. The development of recombinant DNA technology relies on these enzymes and DNA ligase, revolutionizing genetics and biotechnology, particularly in the production of therapeutic proteins like insulin.
