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- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/04%3A_Cell_Metabolism/4.06%3A_ATP_SynthaseThis page discusses ATP synthase, an enzyme complex in mitochondria responsible for ATP synthesis using proton gradients. It has two components: Fo (membrane-embedded) and F1-ATPase (in the matrix), c...This page discusses ATP synthase, an enzyme complex in mitochondria responsible for ATP synthesis using proton gradients. It has two components: Fo (membrane-embedded) and F1-ATPase (in the matrix), capable of producing over 100 ATP molecules per second. Additionally, it can convert mechanical energy into chemical energy, synthesizing ATP from ADP and Pi at a rate of about 5 ATP molecules per second through rotation, as demonstrated in research using magnetic beads and a rotating magnetic field.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/01%3A_The_Chemical_Basis_of_Life/1.08%3A_pHThis page explains pH as a measure of hydrogen ion concentration, noting that pure water has a pH of 7. It describes how acidic solutions (pH < 7) have higher H+ concentrations and basic solutions (pH...This page explains pH as a measure of hydrogen ion concentration, noting that pure water has a pH of 7. It describes how acidic solutions (pH < 7) have higher H+ concentrations and basic solutions (pH > 7) have lower. The impact of pH on protein properties and amino acid interactions is highlighted. Additionally, it mentions that the typical cytosolic pH in human cells is 7.4, with variations in organelles like lysosomes and mitochondria, which are essential for enzyme activity and ATP synthesis
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/04%3A_Cell_Metabolism/4.10%3A_ChemiosmosisThis page discusses the chemiosmotic theory of ATP synthesis in chloroplasts, supported by observations that light illumination increases the alkalinity of the surrounding medium due to proton pumping...This page discusses the chemiosmotic theory of ATP synthesis in chloroplasts, supported by observations that light illumination increases the alkalinity of the surrounding medium due to proton pumping. It describes how altering the thylakoid pH by using acidic mediums allows chloroplasts to synthesize ATP in alkaline conditions with ADP and inorganic phosphate, showcasing the role of the proton gradient in ATP production even in the absence of light.
