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- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/West_Los_Angeles_College/Biotechnology/02%3A_The_Molecules_of_Life/2.06%3A_ProteinsProteins are dynamic macromolecules that perform a wide variety of cellular functions. This page describes some of the functions of proteins, together with their structure, including the composition o...Proteins are dynamic macromolecules that perform a wide variety of cellular functions. This page describes some of the functions of proteins, together with their structure, including the composition of the amino acid, the formation of the peptide bond, and the four levels of protein structure.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/03%3A_The_Cellular_Basis_of_Life/3.04%3A_RibosomesThis page discusses ribosomes, crucial cellular structures responsible for protein synthesis by translating mRNA into polypeptides. Measuring about 20 nm, they exist as free entities or in clusters (p...This page discusses ribosomes, crucial cellular structures responsible for protein synthesis by translating mRNA into polypeptides. Measuring about 20 nm, they exist as free entities or in clusters (polysomes) in eukaryotes, often attached to the endoplasmic reticulum. Mitochondria possess unique ribosomes for specific protein synthesis. Although there are structural differences among ribosomes in bacteria, eukaryotes, and mitochondria, their core functions remain consistent across these types.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Microbiology_(Kaiser)/Unit_7%3A_Microbial_Genetics_and_Microbial_Metabolism/19%3A_Review_of_Molecular_Genetics/19.1%3A_Polypeptides_and_ProteinsAmino acids are the building blocks for proteins. There are 20 different amino acids commonly found in proteins. All amino acids contain an amino group and a carboxyl (acid) group. To form polypeptide...Amino acids are the building blocks for proteins. There are 20 different amino acids commonly found in proteins. All amino acids contain an amino group and a carboxyl (acid) group. To form polypeptides and proteins, amino acids are joined together by peptide bonds, in which the amino of one amino acid bonds to the carboxyl (acid) group of another amino acid. A peptide is two or more amino acids joined together by peptide bonds. Proteins are long chains of amino acids held by peptide bonds.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/01%3A_The_Chemical_Basis_of_Life/1.04%3A_Noncovalent_BondingThis page discusses noncovalent bonding's importance in biological systems, highlighting its role in stabilizing DNA and protein structures and enabling key interactions like enzyme-substrate binding ...This page discusses noncovalent bonding's importance in biological systems, highlighting its role in stabilizing DNA and protein structures and enabling key interactions like enzyme-substrate binding and antibody-antigen recognition. The main types of noncovalent forces include ionic interactions (which depend on pH and salt concentration), hydrophobic interactions (favoring nonpolar residues), and hydrogen bonds (involving electronegative atoms and hydrogen).
