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- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/New_England_College/Microbiology_with_NEC/12%3A_Innate_Nonspecific_Host_Defenses/12.04%3A_Pathogen_Recognition_and_PhagocytosisPhagocytes are cells that recognize pathogens and destroy them through phagocytosis. Recognition often takes place by the use of phagocyte receptors that bind molecules commonly found on pathogens, kn...Phagocytes are cells that recognize pathogens and destroy them through phagocytosis. Recognition often takes place by the use of phagocyte receptors that bind molecules commonly found on pathogens, known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). The receptors that bind PAMPs are called pattern recognition receptors, or PRRs. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are one type of PRR found on phagocytes.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/North_Central_State_College/BIOL_1550%3A_Microbiology_(2025)/21%3A_Innate_Immunity_II/21.05%3A_PhagocytosisPhagocytes are cells that recognize pathogens and destroy them through phagocytosis. Recognition often takes place by the use of phagocyte receptors that bind molecules commonly found on pathogens, kn...Phagocytes are cells that recognize pathogens and destroy them through phagocytosis. Recognition often takes place by the use of phagocyte receptors that bind molecules commonly found on pathogens, known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). The receptors that bind PAMPs are called pattern recognition receptors, or PRRs. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are one type of PRR found on phagocytes.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/North_Central_State_College/BIOL_1550%3A_Microbiology_(2025)/21%3A_Innate_Immunity_II/21.04%3A_Pathogen_RecognitionPhagocytes are cells that recognize pathogens and destroy them through phagocytosis. Recognition often takes place by the use of phagocyte receptors that bind molecules commonly found on pathogens, kn...Phagocytes are cells that recognize pathogens and destroy them through phagocytosis. Recognition often takes place by the use of phagocyte receptors that bind molecules commonly found on pathogens, known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). The receptors that bind PAMPs are called pattern recognition receptors, or PRRs. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are one type of PRR found on phagocytes.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Folsom_Lake_College/BIOL_440%3A_General_Microbiology_(Panoutsopoulos)/06%3A_The_Immune_System_Nonspecific_and_Specific_Defenses/6.01%3A_The_Lymphatic_and_Immune_System/6.1.03%3A_Barrier_Defenses_and_the_Innate_Immune_ResponseThe immune system can be divided into two overlapping mechanisms to destroy pathogens: the innate immune response, which is relatively rapid but nonspecific and thus not always effective, and the adap...The immune system can be divided into two overlapping mechanisms to destroy pathogens: the innate immune response, which is relatively rapid but nonspecific and thus not always effective, and the adaptive immune response, which is slower in its development during an initial infection with a pathogen, but is highly specific and effective at attacking a wide variety of pathogens.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biochemistry/Book%3A_Biochemistry_Free_For_All_(Ahern_Rajagopal_and_Tan)/03%3A_Membranes/3.03%3A_Other_Considerations_in_MembranesThere are many functions and factors relating to cell membranes that don’t fit into broad categories. Those items will be the focus of this section.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Human_Biology/Human_Biology_(Wakim_and_Grewal)/05%3A_Cells/5.08%3A_Active_Transport_and_HomeostasisWhen substances require energy to cross a plasma membrane often because they are moving from an area of a lower concentration to an area of a higher concentration, the process is called active transpo...When substances require energy to cross a plasma membrane often because they are moving from an area of a lower concentration to an area of a higher concentration, the process is called active transport.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/03%3A_The_Cellular_Basis_of_Life/3.24%3A_EndocytosisThis page explains the cellular process of endocytosis, which includes phagocytosis and pinocytosis for absorption of materials. It highlights receptor-mediated endocytosis for acquiring specific mole...This page explains the cellular process of endocytosis, which includes phagocytosis and pinocytosis for absorption of materials. It highlights receptor-mediated endocytosis for acquiring specific molecules like cholesterol. It also discusses familial hypercholesterolemia's link to atherosclerosis due to mutations in the apoB gene and the transportation of hydrophobic molecules in the bloodstream.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/15%3A_The_Anatomy_and_Physiology_of_Animals/15.04%3A_Immune_System/15.4R%3A_The_Complement_SystemThis page discusses the interaction between antibodies and antigens, crucial for activating the complement system, which consists of about 30 proteins that aid immune responses. The classical pathway ...This page discusses the interaction between antibodies and antigens, crucial for activating the complement system, which consists of about 30 proteins that aid immune responses. The classical pathway starts with antibody binding, activating C1 and forming C3 convertase. The alternative pathway activates complement without antibodies.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Microbiology_(Boundless)/11%3A_Immunology/11.03%3A_Phagocytes/11.3A%3A_Phagocyte_Migration_and_PhagocytosisPhagocytosis is the process by which a cell takes in particles such as bacteria, parasites, dead host cells, and cellular and foreign debris. It involves a chain of molecular processes. Phagocytosis o...Phagocytosis is the process by which a cell takes in particles such as bacteria, parasites, dead host cells, and cellular and foreign debris. It involves a chain of molecular processes. Phagocytosis occurs after the foreign body, a bacterial cell, for example, has bound to molecules called “receptors” that are on the surface of the phagocyte. The phagocyte then stretches itself around the bacterium and engulfs it. Phagocytosis of bacteria by human neutrophils takes on average nine minutes to occ
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Portland_Community_College/Cascade_Microbiology/11%3A_Innate_Nonspecific_Host_Defenses/11.4%3A_Pathogen_Recognition_and_PhagocytosisPhagocytes are cells that recognize pathogens and destroy them through phagocytosis. Recognition often takes place by the use of phagocyte receptors that bind molecules commonly found on pathogens, kn...Phagocytes are cells that recognize pathogens and destroy them through phagocytosis. Recognition often takes place by the use of phagocyte receptors that bind molecules commonly found on pathogens, known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). The receptors that bind PAMPs are called pattern recognition receptors, or PRRs. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are one type of PRR found on phagocytes.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/New_England_College/Microbiology_with_NEC/04%3A_The_Eukaryotes_of_Microbiology/4.01%3A_Characteristics_of_Eukaryotic_CellsEukaryotic cells are defined by the presence of a nucleus containing the DNA genome and bound by a nuclear membrane (or nuclear envelope) composed of two lipid bilayers that regulate transport of mate...Eukaryotic cells are defined by the presence of a nucleus containing the DNA genome and bound by a nuclear membrane (or nuclear envelope) composed of two lipid bilayers that regulate transport of materials into and out of the nucleus through nuclear pores. Eukaryotic cell morphologies vary greatly and may be maintained by various structures, including the cytoskeleton, the cell membrane, and/or the cell wall The nucleolus in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells is the site of ribosomal synthesis.
