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- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/17%3A_Ecology/17.02%3A_Cycles_of_Matter_in_the_Biosphere/17.2I%3A_OzoneThis page discusses the dual challenges of ozone (O3): its harmful excess in the troposphere, causing smog and health issues, and its depletion in the stratosphere, resulting in the ozone hole, partic...This page discusses the dual challenges of ozone (O3): its harmful excess in the troposphere, causing smog and health issues, and its depletion in the stratosphere, resulting in the ozone hole, particularly over Antarctica. This depletion, mainly due to chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), increases UV radiation risks. However, international efforts, notably the Montreal Protocol, have reduced CFC usage and shown recovery signs in mid-latitude ozone levels, although the Antarctic hole remains an issue.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/17%3A_Ecology/17.02%3A_Cycles_of_Matter_in_the_Biosphere/17.2G%3A_Air_PollutionThis page discusses how human activities emit air pollutants like PM2.5, which are linked to health problems such as asthma and lung cancer. The EPA suggests maintaining PM2.5 levels under 15 µg/m3 fo...This page discusses how human activities emit air pollutants like PM2.5, which are linked to health problems such as asthma and lung cancer. The EPA suggests maintaining PM2.5 levels under 15 µg/m3 for better health outcomes. It also highlights other pollutants, including sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide, that contribute to photochemical smog, causing eye irritation. Catalytic converters in vehicles help reduce these emissions, thereby improving air quality.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Coastline_College/ENVS_C100%3A_Environmental_Science_(Hoerer)/02%3A_Environmental_Chemistry/2.02%3A_Supplemental_Modules_(Environmental_Chemistry)/2.2.03%3A_Atmospheric_Chemistry/2.2.3.04%3A_OzoneMost of the ozone in the atmosphere is in the stratosphere of the atmosphere, with about 8% in the lower troposphere. As mentioned there, the ozone is formed due to photo reaction. The ozone level is ...Most of the ozone in the atmosphere is in the stratosphere of the atmosphere, with about 8% in the lower troposphere. As mentioned there, the ozone is formed due to photo reaction. The ozone level is measured in Dobson Unit (DU), named after G.M.B. Dobson, who investigated the ozone between 1920 and 1960. One Dobson Unit (DU) is defined to be 0.01 mm thickness of ozone at STP when all the ozone in the air column above an area is collected and spread over the entire area.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Monterey_Peninsula_College/Raskoff_Environmental_Science/10%3A_Air_Pollution/10.05%3A_Ozone_DepletionThe ozone depletion process begins when CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) and other ozone-depleting substances (ODS) are emitted into the atmosphere. CFC molecules are extremely stable, and they do not disso...The ozone depletion process begins when CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) and other ozone-depleting substances (ODS) are emitted into the atmosphere. CFC molecules are extremely stable, and they do not dissolve in rain. After a period of several years, ODS molecules reach the stratosphere, about 10 kilometers above the Earth’s surface. CFCs were used by industry as refrigerants, degreasing solvents, and propellants.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Gettysburg_College/01%3A_Ecology_for_All/24%3A_Human_Impact_on_Global_Climate/24.01%3A_Anthropogenic_Climate_ChangeWhen sea ice melts, as it has done in the Arctic Ocean at a disturbing rate over the past decade, the albedo of the area affected changes dramatically, from around 80% down to less than 10%. This is a...When sea ice melts, as it has done in the Arctic Ocean at a disturbing rate over the past decade, the albedo of the area affected changes dramatically, from around 80% down to less than 10%. This is a positive feedback because much more solar energy is absorbed by the water than by the pre-existing ice, and the temperature increase is amplified.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Workbench/General_Ecology_Ecology/Chapter_2%3A_The_Physical_Environment/2.4%3A_The_AtmosphereOn average, the total weight of the atmospheric mass exerts a pressure at sea level of around 1.0 × 10 5 pascals (Pa; or one atmosphere), which is equivalent to 1.0 kg per cm 2 . The density of the at...On average, the total weight of the atmospheric mass exerts a pressure at sea level of around 1.0 × 10 5 pascals (Pa; or one atmosphere), which is equivalent to 1.0 kg per cm 2 . The density of the atmospheric mass is much greater close to the surface and decreases rapidly with increasing altitude.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Gettysburg_College/01%3A_Ecology_for_All/02%3A_The_Physical_Environment/2.04%3A_The_AtmosphereThe atmosphere, the gaseous layer that surrounds the earth, formed over four billion years ago and is held in place by the attractive forces of gravity. This section is a brief introduction to the lay...The atmosphere, the gaseous layer that surrounds the earth, formed over four billion years ago and is held in place by the attractive forces of gravity. This section is a brief introduction to the layers of the atmosphere and the differences between climate and weather.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/17%3A_Ecology/17.02%3A_Cycles_of_Matter_in_the_Biosphere/17.2H%3A_Acid_RainThis page discusses the increasing acidity of rain in North America and Europe, primarily caused by industrial sulfur dioxide emissions, with pH levels dropping to 2.1. This acid rain poses risks to b...This page discusses the increasing acidity of rain in North America and Europe, primarily caused by industrial sulfur dioxide emissions, with pH levels dropping to 2.1. This acid rain poses risks to buildings, aquatic ecosystems, and forests, especially in sensitive regions like the Adirondacks. Although sulfur dioxide emissions have declined since the 1980s, nitrogen oxides and ozone from vehicle exhaust continue to be concerns.
