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- https://bio.libretexts.org/Workbench/General_Ecology_Ecology/Chapter_2%3A_The_Physical_Environment/2.3%3A_SoilsSoil is the outer loose layer that covers the Earth's surface and is the foundation for agriculture and forestry. Soils consist of organic material, inorganic material, water and air, and they differ ...Soil is the outer loose layer that covers the Earth's surface and is the foundation for agriculture and forestry. Soils consist of organic material, inorganic material, water and air, and they differ in proportions of clay, silt, and sand. A soil profile is characterized by horizontal layers called horizons. Climate, organisms, topography, parent material, and time influence soil composition and formation.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Gettysburg_College/01%3A_Ecology_for_All/20%3A_Biogeochemical_Cycles/20.06%3A_Eutrophication_and_Dead_Zones.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/17%3A_Ecology/17.02%3A_Cycles_of_Matter_in_the_Biosphere/17.2I%3A_OzoneThis page discusses the dual challenges of ozone (O3): its harmful excess in the troposphere, causing smog and health issues, and its depletion in the stratosphere, resulting in the ozone hole, partic...This page discusses the dual challenges of ozone (O3): its harmful excess in the troposphere, causing smog and health issues, and its depletion in the stratosphere, resulting in the ozone hole, particularly over Antarctica. This depletion, mainly due to chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), increases UV radiation risks. However, international efforts, notably the Montreal Protocol, have reduced CFC usage and shown recovery signs in mid-latitude ozone levels, although the Antarctic hole remains an issue.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/15%3A_The_Anatomy_and_Physiology_of_Animals/15.03%3A_Circulatory_Systems/15.3K%3A_Animal_Circulatory_SystemsThis page outlines the components and challenges of efficient circulatory systems, highlighting the differences across species. It notes that fish have less efficient systems due to pressure loss in g...This page outlines the components and challenges of efficient circulatory systems, highlighting the differences across species. It notes that fish have less efficient systems due to pressure loss in gills, while squids use separate pumps. Amphibians possess three-chambered hearts with some blood mixing, whereas lizards have a muscular septum to enhance separation.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Gettysburg_College/01%3A_Ecology_for_All/04%3A_Adaptations_to_the_Physical_Environment/4.04%3A_Physiological_optima_and_critical_limitsAn adaptation is a trait that has evolved through via natural selection, and maintains or increases the fitness of an organism under a given set of environmental conditions. This concept is central to...An adaptation is a trait that has evolved through via natural selection, and maintains or increases the fitness of an organism under a given set of environmental conditions. This concept is central to ecology: the study of adaptation is the study of the evolutionary relationship between organisms and their environment.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Gettysburg_College/01%3A_Ecology_for_All/02%3A_The_Physical_Environment/2.03%3A_SoilsSoil is the outer loose layer that covers the Earth's surface and is the foundation for agriculture and forestry. Soils consist of organic material, inorganic material, water and air, and they differ ...Soil is the outer loose layer that covers the Earth's surface and is the foundation for agriculture and forestry. Soils consist of organic material, inorganic material, water and air, and they differ in proportions of clay, silt, and sand. A soil profile is characterized by horizontal layers called horizons. Climate, organisms, topography, parent material, and time influence soil composition and formation.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Gettysburg_College/01%3A_Ecology_for_All/20%3A_Biogeochemical_Cycles/20.01%3A_Biogeochemical_CyclesSome other examples of reservoirs or pools for water you will encounter in the course include glaciers; the soil layer; the aggregate of bodies of fresh water on the continents (rivers and lakes). If ...Some other examples of reservoirs or pools for water you will encounter in the course include glaciers; the soil layer; the aggregate of bodies of fresh water on the continents (rivers and lakes). If the flux of material into and out of a given reservoir is the same for some period of time, that reservoir is said to be in a steady state.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/15%3A_The_Anatomy_and_Physiology_of_Animals/15.02%3A_Gas_Exchange/15.2A%3A_Human_Respiratory_SystemThis page covers the anatomy and mechanics of human breathing, focusing on the diaphragm and pleural membranes. It explains inhalation and exhalation processes, the muscle interactions that expand and...This page covers the anatomy and mechanics of human breathing, focusing on the diaphragm and pleural membranes. It explains inhalation and exhalation processes, the muscle interactions that expand and contract the thoracic cavity, and mentions an average respiratory rate of 15-18 breaths per minute.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Workbench/General_Ecology_Ecology/Chapter_20%3A_Biogeochemical_Cycles/20.3%3A_Eutrophication_and_Dead_Zones.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/04%3A_Cell_Metabolism/4.09%3A_Photosynthesis_-_Dicovering_the_SecretsThis page details the evolution of photosynthesis discoveries, showcasing pivotal figures and their experiments. Early work by Van Helmont, Priestley, Ingen-Housz, and Senebier laid foundational insig...This page details the evolution of photosynthesis discoveries, showcasing pivotal figures and their experiments. Early work by Van Helmont, Priestley, Ingen-Housz, and Senebier laid foundational insights, while Blackman's studies distinguished light and dark reactions. Van Niel's emphasis on water's role in oxygen release and Ruben's isotope studies confirmed that the oxygen produced comes from water.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/04%3A_Cell_Metabolism/4.08%3A_Photosynthesis_-_The_Role_of_LightThis page explains photosynthesis in autotrophs, highlighting two main processes: the removal of hydrogen from water and the reduction of carbon dioxide through the Calvin Cycle. It details how electr...This page explains photosynthesis in autotrophs, highlighting two main processes: the removal of hydrogen from water and the reduction of carbon dioxide through the Calvin Cycle. It details how electrons from water create NADPH and generate ATP via photophosphorylation. Chloroplasts house thylakoid membranes with Photosystems I and II for light absorption and electron transfer, facilitating ATP synthesis through chemiosmosis.
