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- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Portland_Community_College/Cascade_Microbiology/12%3A_Specific_Adaptive_Host_Defenses/12.1%3A_Architecture_of_the_Immune_SystemThe two ‘arms’ of the Y-shaped antibody molecule are known as the Fab region, for “fragment of antigen binding.” The far end of the Fab region is the variable region, which serves as the site of antig...The two ‘arms’ of the Y-shaped antibody molecule are known as the Fab region, for “fragment of antigen binding.” The far end of the Fab region is the variable region, which serves as the site of antigen binding. Although the location of the J chain relative to the Fc regions of the five monomers prevents IgM from performing some of the functions of IgG, the ten available Fab sites associated with a pentameric IgM make it an important antibody in the body’s arsenal of defenses.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Mansfield_University_of_Pennsylvania/BSC_3271%3A_Microbiology_for_Health_Sciences_Sp21_(Kagle)/14%3A_Immunology/14.02%3A_Specific_Adaptive_Host_Defenses/14.2.01%3A_Architecture_of_the_Immune_SystemThe two ‘arms’ of the Y-shaped antibody molecule are known as the Fab region, for “fragment of antigen binding.” The far end of the Fab region is the variable region, which serves as the site of antig...The two ‘arms’ of the Y-shaped antibody molecule are known as the Fab region, for “fragment of antigen binding.” The far end of the Fab region is the variable region, which serves as the site of antigen binding. Although the location of the J chain relative to the Fc regions of the five monomers prevents IgM from performing some of the functions of IgG, the ten available Fab sites associated with a pentameric IgM make it an important antibody in the body’s arsenal of defenses.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/15%3A_The_Anatomy_and_Physiology_of_Animals/15.11%3A_Behavior/15.11.03%3A_Learned_BehaviorThis page explores different learning types and behavioral responses, including habituation (decreased response to familiar stimuli), sensitization (increased response to negative stimuli), and imprin...This page explores different learning types and behavioral responses, including habituation (decreased response to familiar stimuli), sensitization (increased response to negative stimuli), and imprinting (following moving objects in young animals). It also covers conditioned responses (as shown by Pavlov's dogs) and instrumental conditioning (using rewards to train behaviors). Additionally, it discusses concept formation and the advanced problem-solving skills observed in certain animals.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/City_College_of_San_Francisco/Introduction_to_Microbiology_(Liu_et_al.)/22%3A_Adaptive_Immunity_I/22.04%3A_Antigen-Antibody_InteractionsThis page outlines the five key functions of antibodies in immune defense: neutralization (preventing pathogen attachment), opsonization (marking pathogens for phagocytosis), agglutination (clumping p...This page outlines the five key functions of antibodies in immune defense: neutralization (preventing pathogen attachment), opsonization (marking pathogens for phagocytosis), agglutination (clumping pathogens for clearance), complement activation (promoting inflammation and recruiting phagocytes), and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), where NK cells target larger pathogens.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Manchester_Community_College_(MCC)/Remix_of_Openstax%3AMicrobiology_by_Parker_Schneegurt_et_al/14%3A_Specific_Adaptive_Host_Defenses/14.01%3A_Architecture_of_the_Immune_SystemAdaptive immunity is defined by two important characteristics: specificity and memory. Specificity refers to the adaptive immune system’s ability to target specific pathogens, and memory refers to its...Adaptive immunity is defined by two important characteristics: specificity and memory. Specificity refers to the adaptive immune system’s ability to target specific pathogens, and memory refers to its ability to quickly respond to pathogens to which it has previously been exposed. For example, when an individual recovers from chickenpox, the body develops a memory of the infection that will specifically protect it from the causative agent if it is exposed to the virus again later.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Folsom_Lake_College/BIOL_440%3A_General_Microbiology_(Panoutsopoulos)/06%3A_The_Immune_System_Nonspecific_and_Specific_Defenses/6.03%3A_Specific_Adaptive_Host_Defenses/6.3.01%3A_Architecture_of_the_Immune_SystemAdaptive immunity is defined by two important characteristics: specificity and memory. Specificity refers to the adaptive immune system’s ability to target specific pathogens, and memory refers to its...Adaptive immunity is defined by two important characteristics: specificity and memory. Specificity refers to the adaptive immune system’s ability to target specific pathogens, and memory refers to its ability to quickly respond to pathogens to which it has previously been exposed. For example, when an individual recovers from chickenpox, the body develops a memory of the infection that will specifically protect it from the causative agent if it is exposed to the virus again later.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/North_Central_State_College/BIOL_1550%3A_Microbiology_(2025)/22%3A_Adaptive_Immunity_I/22.01%3A_Adaptive_Immune_Defenses_-_OverviewAdaptive immunity is defined by two important characteristics: specificity and memory. Specificity refers to the adaptive immune system’s ability to target specific pathogens, and memory refers to its...Adaptive immunity is defined by two important characteristics: specificity and memory. Specificity refers to the adaptive immune system’s ability to target specific pathogens, and memory refers to its ability to quickly respond to pathogens to which it has previously been exposed. For example, when an individual recovers from chickenpox, the body develops a memory of the infection that will specifically protect it from the causative agent if it is exposed to the virus again later.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/North_Central_State_College/BIOL_1550%3A_Microbiology_(2025)/22%3A_Adaptive_Immunity_I/22.03%3A_AntibodiesAdaptive immunity is defined by two important characteristics: specificity and memory. Specificity refers to the adaptive immune system’s ability to target specific pathogens, and memory refers to its...Adaptive immunity is defined by two important characteristics: specificity and memory. Specificity refers to the adaptive immune system’s ability to target specific pathogens, and memory refers to its ability to quickly respond to pathogens to which it has previously been exposed. For example, when an individual recovers from chickenpox, the body develops a memory of the infection that will specifically protect it from the causative agent if it is exposed to the virus again later.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/City_College_of_San_Francisco/Introduction_to_Microbiology_(Liu_et_al.)/22%3A_Adaptive_Immunity_I/22.03%3A_AntibodiesThis page discusses antibodies, or immunoglobulins, detailing their Y-shaped structure with heavy and light chains that aid in antigen binding. It highlights the function of the Fab region in antigen ...This page discusses antibodies, or immunoglobulins, detailing their Y-shaped structure with heavy and light chains that aid in antigen binding. It highlights the function of the Fab region in antigen attachment and the Fc region in interacting with complement and phagocytic cells.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Clinton_College/BIO_403%3A_Microbiology_(Neely)/06%3A_The_Immune_System_Nonspecific_and_Specific_Defenses/6.03%3A_Specific_Adaptive_Host_Defenses/6.3.01%3A_Architecture_of_the_Immune_SystemAdaptive immunity is defined by two important characteristics: specificity and memory. Specificity refers to the adaptive immune system’s ability to target specific pathogens, and memory refers to its...Adaptive immunity is defined by two important characteristics: specificity and memory. Specificity refers to the adaptive immune system’s ability to target specific pathogens, and memory refers to its ability to quickly respond to pathogens to which it has previously been exposed. For example, when an individual recovers from chickenpox, the body develops a memory of the infection that will specifically protect it from the causative agent if it is exposed to the virus again later.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/City_College_of_San_Francisco/Introduction_to_Genetics/09%3A_Mutation_and_Variation/9.03%3A_Genetic_screening_for_mutations-_Forward_geneticsThis page details a method for identifying genes crucial to biological processes via mutant screening. Researchers induce mutations in a population and identify mutants with disrupted phenotypes linke...This page details a method for identifying genes crucial to biological processes via mutant screening. Researchers induce mutations in a population and identify mutants with disrupted phenotypes linked to specific pathways, like memory in Drosophila. The process involves treating a parental population with a mutagen, targeting germline mutations that can be homozygous in offspring.
