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- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/City_College_of_San_Francisco/Introduction_to_Genetics/11%3A_Pedigrees_and_PopulationsThe basic concepts of genetics described in the preceding chapters can be applied to almost any eukaryotic organism. However, some techniques, such as test crosses, can only be performed with model o...The basic concepts of genetics described in the preceding chapters can be applied to almost any eukaryotic organism. However, some techniques, such as test crosses, can only be performed with model organisms or other species that can be experimentally manipulated. To study the inheritance patterns of genes in humans and other species for which controlled matings are not possible, geneticists use the analysis of pedigrees and populations.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/10%3A_Mutation/10.01%3A_Mutations_-_Causes_and_SignificanceThis page discusses DNA mutations in living cells, their types (point mutations, indels, etc.), and diseases associated with them, like sickle cell anemia. It highlights the role of mutations in evolu...This page discusses DNA mutations in living cells, their types (point mutations, indels, etc.), and diseases associated with them, like sickle cell anemia. It highlights the role of mutations in evolution, gene duplication, and translocations, along with their rarity and varying rates across species. Specifically, C. elegans has a mutation rate of approximately 2.1 x 10^-8 per base pair per generation, with males contributing more due to mitotic divisions.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/05%3A_DNA/5.05%3A_DNA_ReplicationThis page examines the regulation of DNA replication in eukaryotic cells, emphasizing the control mechanisms during the G2 phase. It describes positive control through the Origin Recognition Complex (...This page examines the regulation of DNA replication in eukaryotic cells, emphasizing the control mechanisms during the G2 phase. It describes positive control through the Origin Recognition Complex (ORC) and licensing factors (Cdc-6 and Cdt-1) essential for replication preparation. Additionally, a negative control system prevents re-replication until post-mitosis. This dual mechanism ensures genomic integrity during cell division.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/09%3A_Regulation_of_Gene_Expression/9.07%3A_FootprintingThis page explains the technique of footprinting, which is used to identify DNA sequences where DNA-binding proteins attach. It involves cloning the DNA with the binding site, labeling it, and digesti...This page explains the technique of footprinting, which is used to identify DNA sequences where DNA-binding proteins attach. It involves cloning the DNA with the binding site, labeling it, and digesting it with DNase I to create radioactive fragments. Protein-bound regions, such as the lac repressor, remain undigested, resulting in gaps on an autoradiogram. By comparing these gaps to a DNA sequencing ladder, the specific base sequence of the operator can be determined.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/13%3A_Aging/13.02%3A_TelomeresThis page discusses eukaryotic chromosomes, highlighting the role of telomeres in cellular aging and cancer proliferation, as well as potential gene therapy applications. It also covers Dolly the shee...This page discusses eukaryotic chromosomes, highlighting the role of telomeres in cellular aging and cancer proliferation, as well as potential gene therapy applications. It also covers Dolly the sheep, the first cloned mammal, whose early health issues sparked debate about the long-term effects of cloning and telomere length.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/03%3A_The_Cellular_Basis_of_Life/3.03%3A_The_NucleusThis page details the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, emphasizing its dual-membraned nuclear envelope and chromosome organization. It discusses the roles of chromatin, histones, and their modifications i...This page details the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, emphasizing its dual-membraned nuclear envelope and chromosome organization. It discusses the roles of chromatin, histones, and their modifications in gene expression, alongside the distinctions between euchromatin and heterochromatin. The nucleolus is identified as crucial for ribosomal RNA synthesis, vital for ribosome assembly.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/03%3A_The_Cellular_Basis_of_Life/3.16%3A_Plant_CellsThis page discusses plant cells, highlighting their eukaryotic nature and key structures such as a cell wall, large central vacuoles, and chloroplasts for photosynthesis. Unlike animal cells, plant ce...This page discusses plant cells, highlighting their eukaryotic nature and key structures such as a cell wall, large central vacuoles, and chloroplasts for photosynthesis. Unlike animal cells, plant cells lack centrioles and intermediate filaments. The cell wall provides structural strength, while vacuoles store various substances and maintain turgor pressure. Plasmolysis, a condition in hypertonic environments, leads to wilting as turgor pressure decreases.
