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- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/01%3A_The_Chemical_Basis_of_Life/1.02%3A_Elements_and_AtomsThis page explains that elements are pure substances composed of one type of atom, crucial for life, with only around 25 of Earth's 90 elements being essential. It details atomic structure, focusing o...This page explains that elements are pure substances composed of one type of atom, crucial for life, with only around 25 of Earth's 90 elements being essential. It details atomic structure, focusing on the nucleus and outer electrons, which dictate chemical behavior, valence, and electronegativity. Elements with similar outer electron configurations share chemical properties and react to achieve stability.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/10%3A_Mutation/10.03%3A_Radiation_and_its_effect_on_DNAThis page explores significant radiation types for biologists, focusing on ionizing radiation's effects on DNA. It covers measurement units such as rad, rem, and their transitions to gray (Gy) and sie...This page explores significant radiation types for biologists, focusing on ionizing radiation's effects on DNA. It covers measurement units such as rad, rem, and their transitions to gray (Gy) and sievert (Sv). A table presents typical radiation doses in millisieverts (mSv) from various sources and outlines average annual U.S. radiation exposure, emphasizing background radiation from cosmic, soil, and bodily sources.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/01%3A_The_Chemical_Basis_of_Life/1.03%3A_Electronegativity_and_types_of_Chemical_BondsThis page explains electronegativity as an atom's affinity for electrons, highlighting fluorine as the most electronegative element. It describes three bond types: ionic (large electronegativity diffe...This page explains electronegativity as an atom's affinity for electrons, highlighting fluorine as the most electronegative element. It describes three bond types: ionic (large electronegativity differences), covalent (minor differences), and polar covalent (moderate differences). Examples include NaCl for ionic bonds, carbon and hydrogen for covalent bonds, and water for polar covalent bonds. It notes that polar molecules can form hydrogen bonds and are good solvents for polar substances.
