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- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/02%3A_The_Molecules_of_Life/2.09%3A_PolypeptidesThis page explains that the amino acid sequence in polypeptides is dictated by codons in mRNA, which originate from the DNA sequence, and that proteins are made up of one or more polypeptide chains.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biochemistry/Fundamentals_of_Biochemistry_(Jakubowski_and_Flatt)/03%3A_Unit_III-_Information_Pathway/26%3A_Protein_Metabolism/26.01%3A_The_Genetic_CodeThe page is an extensive overview of key topics in biochemistry related to translation, focusing on genetic code translation into protein sequences, differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic tran...The page is an extensive overview of key topics in biochemistry related to translation, focusing on genetic code translation into protein sequences, differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic translation, and the roles of various cellular components like tRNA and ribosomes.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/06%3A_Gene_Expression/6.03%3A_Genetic_CodeThis page discusses the genetic code, which consists of 64 codons encoding 20 amino acids with some redundancy. It highlights AUG as the start codon and notes codon usage bias affecting translation ef...This page discusses the genetic code, which consists of 64 codons encoding 20 amino acids with some redundancy. It highlights AUG as the start codon and notes codon usage bias affecting translation efficiency. While most of the genetic code is universal, there are exceptions in mitochondrial genes and some unicellular eukaryotes. The page also mentions the incorporation of nonstandard amino acids, such as selenocysteine and pyrrolysine, through specific codons.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/06%3A_Gene_Expression/6.05%3A_RNA_EditingThis page discusses RNA editing, which creates differences between gene sequences and RNA, influencing protein synthesis. It details two mechanisms: Substitution Editing (changing nucleotides) and Ins...This page discusses RNA editing, which creates differences between gene sequences and RNA, influencing protein synthesis. It details two mechanisms: Substitution Editing (changing nucleotides) and Insertion/Deletion Editing (altering sequences with guide RNA). An example is the human APOB gene, where a CAA codon becomes a stop codon, affecting protein production. Additionally, defects in RNA editing are associated with human cancers and diseases like ALS, underlining its importance in biology.
