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- https://bio.libretexts.org/Learning_Objects/Laboratory_Experiments/Microbiology_Labs/Microbiology_Labs_II/11%3A_Viruses_-_The_BacteriophagesContributors and Attributions Gary Kaiser (COMMUNITY COLLEGE OF BALTIMORE COUNTY, CATONSVILLE CAMPUS)
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/North_Carolina_State_University/MB352_General_Microbiology_Laboratory_2021_(Lee)/06%3A_Microbial_Physiology/6.04%3A_BacteriophagesAs the surrounding cells are infected and killed by the released viruses, a clear spot on the agar---in the bacterial lawn--develops, called a plaque.The plaques can be counted and the number of virus...As the surrounding cells are infected and killed by the released viruses, a clear spot on the agar---in the bacterial lawn--develops, called a plaque.The plaques can be counted and the number of virus particles or virions in the original specimen, can be quantified as viruses/ ml or plaque-forming units/ml (PFUs).
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Manchester_Community_College_(MCC)/Remix_of_Openstax%3AMicrobiology_by_Parker_Schneegurt_et_al/09%3A_Acellular_Pathogens/9.03%3A_Isolation_Culture_and_Identification_of_VirusesViral cultivation requires the presence of some form of host cell (whole organism, embryo, or cell culture). Viruses can be isolated from samples by filtration. Viral filtrate is a rich source of rele...Viral cultivation requires the presence of some form of host cell (whole organism, embryo, or cell culture). Viruses can be isolated from samples by filtration. Viral filtrate is a rich source of released virions. Bacteriophages are detected by presence of clear plaques on bacterial lawn. Animal and plant viruses are detected by cytopathic effects, molecular techniques (PCR, RT-PCR), enzyme immunoassays, and serological assays (hemagglutination assay, hemagglutination inhibition assay).
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Genetics/Working_with_Molecular_Genetics_(Hardison)/Unit_I%3A_Genes_Nucleic_Acids_Genomes_and_Chromosomes/1%3A_Fundamental_Properties_of_Genes/Genetic_methods_in_microorganisms/BacteriophageBacteriophage are viruses that infect bacteria. Because of their very large number of progeny and ability to recombine in mixed infections (more than one strain of bacteria in an infection), they have...Bacteriophage are viruses that infect bacteria. Because of their very large number of progeny and ability to recombine in mixed infections (more than one strain of bacteria in an infection), they have been used extensively in high-resolution definition of genes. Much of what we know about genetic fine structure, prior to the advent of techniques for isolating and sequencing genes, derive form studies in bacteriophage.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/08%3A_The_Genetic_Consequences_of_Meiosis/8.08%3A_rII_Locus_of_T4This page discusses the T2 and T4 bacteriophages' role in genetic research on E. coli, highlighting Benzer's study of the rII gene, where he identified around 2000 point mutations. He determined that ...This page discusses the T2 and T4 bacteriophages' role in genetic research on E. coli, highlighting Benzer's study of the rII gene, where he identified around 2000 point mutations. He determined that the smallest mutation units are single base pairs and used deletion mutants for efficient mapping. Benzer's complementation tests revealed two complementation groups in rII, leading to the concept of cistrons as genetic functional units.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/05%3A_DNA/5.02%3A_The_Hershey_-_Chase_ExperimentsThis page discusses the 1952 experiment by A. D. Hershey and Martha Chase, which used the T2 DNA virus to demonstrate that genes are composed of DNA. By labeling DNA with radioactive phosphorus and pr...This page discusses the 1952 experiment by A. D. Hershey and Martha Chase, which used the T2 DNA virus to demonstrate that genes are composed of DNA. By labeling DNA with radioactive phosphorus and proteins with radioactive sulfur, they showed that only the DNA entered E. coli cells, while the protein coat remained outside. This confirmed that genetic information is carried by DNA, as it directed the production of new virus particles.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/North_Central_State_College/BIOL_1550%3A_Microbiology_(2025)/07%3A_Viruses/7.03%3A_Viruses/7.3.03%3A_Viral_StructureSince viruses are not cells, they are structurally much simpler than bacteria. An intact infectious viral particle - or virion - consists of a genome, a capsid, and maybe an envelope. Viruses possess ...Since viruses are not cells, they are structurally much simpler than bacteria. An intact infectious viral particle - or virion - consists of a genome, a capsid, and maybe an envelope. Viruses possess either DNA or RNA as their genome. The genome is typically surrounded by a protein shell called a capsid composed of protein subunits called capsomeres.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/North_Central_State_College/BIOL_1550%3A_Microbiology_(2025)/08%3A_Acellular_Pathogens/8.01%3A_Isolation_Culture_and_Identification_of_VirusesViral cultivation requires the presence of some form of host cell (whole organism, embryo, or cell culture). Viruses can be isolated from samples by filtration. Viral filtrate is a rich source of rele...Viral cultivation requires the presence of some form of host cell (whole organism, embryo, or cell culture). Viruses can be isolated from samples by filtration. Viral filtrate is a rich source of released virions. Bacteriophages are detected by presence of clear plaques on bacterial lawn. Animal and plant viruses are detected by cytopathic effects, molecular techniques (PCR, RT-PCR), enzyme immunoassays, and serological assays (hemagglutination assay, hemagglutination inhibition assay).
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Microbiology_(Kaiser)/Unit_4%3A_Eukaryotic_Microorganisms_and_Viruses/10%3A_Viruses/10.07%3A_Bacteriophage_Life_Cycles%3A_An_Overview/10.7A%3A_The_Lytic_Life_Cycle_of_BacteriophagesBacteriophages that replicate through the lytic life cycle are called lytic bacteriophages, Adsorption is the attachment sites on the phage adsorb to receptor sites on the host bacterium. Specific str...Bacteriophages that replicate through the lytic life cycle are called lytic bacteriophages, Adsorption is the attachment sites on the phage adsorb to receptor sites on the host bacterium. Specific strains of bacteriophages can only adsorb to specific strain of host bacteria (viral specificity). In the case of bacteriophages that adsorb to the bacterial cell wall, a bacteriophage enzyme "drills" a hole in the bacterial wall and the bacteriophage injects its genome into the bacterial cytoplasm.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Microbiology_(Kaiser)/Unit_4%3A_Eukaryotic_Microorganisms_and_Viruses/10%3A_Viruses/10.03%3A_Viral_StructureSince viruses are not cells, they are structurally much simpler than bacteria. An intact infectious viral particle - or virion - consists of a genome, a capsid, and maybe an envelope. Viruses possess ...Since viruses are not cells, they are structurally much simpler than bacteria. An intact infectious viral particle - or virion - consists of a genome, a capsid, and maybe an envelope. Viruses possess either DNA or RNA as their genome. The genome is typically surrounded by a protein shell called a capsid composed of protein subunits called capsomeres.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Sacramento_City_College/BIOL_440%3A_General_Microbiology_(Hughes)/09%3A_Week_9/15%3A_Acellular_Pathogens_(Part_A)/15.03%3A_Isolation_Culture_and_Identification_of_VirusesViral cultivation requires the presence of some form of host cell (whole organism, embryo, or cell culture). Viruses can be isolated from samples by filtration. Viral filtrate is a rich source of rele...Viral cultivation requires the presence of some form of host cell (whole organism, embryo, or cell culture). Viruses can be isolated from samples by filtration. Viral filtrate is a rich source of released virions. Bacteriophages are detected by presence of clear plaques on bacterial lawn. Animal and plant viruses are detected by cytopathic effects, molecular techniques (PCR, RT-PCR), enzyme immunoassays, and serological assays (hemagglutination assay, hemagglutination inhibition assay).
