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- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/North_Central_State_College/BIOL_1550%3A_Microbiology_(2025)/01%3A_Introduction_to_Microbiology/1.07%3A_Types_of_MicroorganismsMicroorganisms are very diverse and are found in all three domains of life: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. Archaea and bacteria are classified as prokaryotes because they lack a cellular nucleus. Arc...Microorganisms are very diverse and are found in all three domains of life: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. Archaea and bacteria are classified as prokaryotes because they lack a cellular nucleus. Archaea differ from bacteria in evolutionary history, genetics, metabolic pathways, and cell wall and membrane composition. Archaea inhabit nearly every environment on earth, but no archaea have been identified as human pathogens.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Microbiology_(OpenStax)/01%3A_An_Invisible_World/1.03%3A_Types_of_MicroorganismsMicroorganisms are very diverse and are found in all three domains of life: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. Archaea and bacteria are classified as prokaryotes because they lack a cellular nucleus. Arc...Microorganisms are very diverse and are found in all three domains of life: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. Archaea and bacteria are classified as prokaryotes because they lack a cellular nucleus. Archaea differ from bacteria in evolutionary history, genetics, metabolic pathways, and cell wall and membrane composition. Archaea inhabit nearly every environment on earth, but no archaea have been identified as human pathogens.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Workbench/General_Ecology_Ecology/Chapter_16%3A_Antagonistic_Interactions/16.4%3A_PathogensAn infection is the invasion of an organism's body tissues by disease-causing agents, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to the infectious agents and the toxins they produce. An ex...An infection is the invasion of an organism's body tissues by disease-causing agents, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to the infectious agents and the toxins they produce. An example of the former is the anaerobic bacteria species, which colonizes the mammalian colon, and an example of the latter are the various species of staphylococcus that exist on human skin.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Mansfield_University_of_Pennsylvania/BSC_3271%3A_Microbiology_for_Health_Sciences_Sp21_(Kagle)/01%3A_Introduction/1.01%3A_An_Invisible_World/1.1.02%3A_Types_of_MicroorganismsMicroorganisms are very diverse and are found in all three domains of life: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. Archaea and bacteria are classified as prokaryotes because they lack a cellular nucleus. Arc...Microorganisms are very diverse and are found in all three domains of life: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. Archaea and bacteria are classified as prokaryotes because they lack a cellular nucleus. Archaea differ from bacteria in evolutionary history, genetics, metabolic pathways, and cell wall and membrane composition. Archaea inhabit nearly every environment on earth, but no archaea have been identified as human pathogens.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Gettysburg_College/01%3A_Ecology_for_All/07%3A_Phylogenies_and_the_History_of_Life/7.04%3A_Perspectives_on_the_Phylogenetic_TreeThe concepts of phylogenetic modeling are constantly changing. It is one of the most dynamic fields of study in all of biology. Over the last several decades, new research has challenged scientists’ i...The concepts of phylogenetic modeling are constantly changing. It is one of the most dynamic fields of study in all of biology. Over the last several decades, new research has challenged scientists’ ideas about how organisms are related. New models of these relationships have been proposed for consideration by the scientific community.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/11%3A_Genomics/11.13%3A_MetagenomicsThis page explores microbial genome studies, emphasizing the shortcomings of traditional culturing methods. It describes the advantages of modern sequencing technologies, such as DNA extraction, PCR, ...This page explores microbial genome studies, emphasizing the shortcomings of traditional culturing methods. It describes the advantages of modern sequencing technologies, such as DNA extraction, PCR, and shotgun sequencing, in analyzing complex microbial ecosystems. Examples from diverse environments like the Sargasso Sea and human colon demonstrate how metagenomics uncovers previously unknown microbial diversity and functions.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/09%3A_Regulation_of_Gene_ExpressionThis page discusses gene expression regulation in E. coli and eukaryotes, highlighting the tryptophan operon in bacteria and mechanisms like transcription, RNA processing, steroid response elements, a...This page discusses gene expression regulation in E. coli and eukaryotes, highlighting the tryptophan operon in bacteria and mechanisms like transcription, RNA processing, steroid response elements, and epigenetics in eukaryotes. It mentions techniques such as footprinting and chromatin immunoprecipitation for studying DNA-binding proteins and covers specialized topics, including cell-specific gene expression, imprinted genes, and ribozymes.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Gettysburg_College/01%3A_Ecology_for_All/20%3A_Biogeochemical_Cycles/20.04%3A__The_Nitrogen_CycleHuman activity can release nitrogen into the environment by two primary means: the combustion of fossil fuels, which releases different nitrogen oxides, and by the use of artificial fertilizers (which...Human activity can release nitrogen into the environment by two primary means: the combustion of fossil fuels, which releases different nitrogen oxides, and by the use of artificial fertilizers (which contain nitrogen and phosphorus compounds) in agriculture, which are then washed into lakes, streams, and rivers by surface runoff.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Workbench/General_Ecology_Ecology/Chapter_7%3A_The_History_of_Life_Systematics_and_Phylogeny/7.7%3A_Phylogeny_and_CladisticsScientists collect information that allows them to make evolutionary connections between organisms. Similar to detective work, scientists must use evidence to uncover the facts. In the case of phyloge...Scientists collect information that allows them to make evolutionary connections between organisms. Similar to detective work, scientists must use evidence to uncover the facts. In the case of phylogeny, evolutionary investigations focus on two types of evidence: morphologic (form and function) and genetic.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/17%3A_Ecology/17.02%3A_Cycles_of_Matter_in_the_Biosphere/17.2B%3A_Nitrogen_CycleThis page explains the nitrogen cycle, highlighting the essential role of nitrogen for life. It describes processes such as nitrogen fixation (by bacteria, archaea, and industrial methods), decay (con...This page explains the nitrogen cycle, highlighting the essential role of nitrogen for life. It describes processes such as nitrogen fixation (by bacteria, archaea, and industrial methods), decay (converting organic nitrogen to ammonia), nitrification (ammonia to nitrates), and denitrification (returning nitrogen to the atmosphere), all driven by microorganisms. It also notes that agricultural practices influence these cycles, sometimes causing ecological problems like eutrophication.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Gettysburg_College/01%3A_Ecology_for_All/07%3A_Phylogenies_and_the_History_of_Life/7.02%3A_Organizing_Life_on_EarthIn scientific terms, the evolutionary history and relationship of an organism or group of organisms is called phylogeny. Phylogeny describes the relationships of an organism, such as from which organi...In scientific terms, the evolutionary history and relationship of an organism or group of organisms is called phylogeny. Phylogeny describes the relationships of an organism, such as from which organisms it is thought to have evolved, to which species it is most closely related, and so forth. Phylogenetic relationships provide information on shared ancestry but not necessarily on how organisms are similar or different.
