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- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_California_Davis/PLS_002%3A_Botany_and_physiology_of_cultivated_plants/02%3A_Plant_structure/2.04%3A_Leaves/2.4.04%3A_Chapter_SummaryA typical leaf consists of a blade (the broad part of the leaf, also called the lamina) and a petiole (the stalk that attaches the leaf to a stem). Leaf tissue consists of the epidermis, which forms t...A typical leaf consists of a blade (the broad part of the leaf, also called the lamina) and a petiole (the stalk that attaches the leaf to a stem). Leaf tissue consists of the epidermis, which forms the outermost cell layer, and mesophyll and vascular bundles (veins), which make up the inner portion of the leaf. Leaves that develop in the sun tend to be thicker, have a thicker cuticle, and have more palisade mesphyll than those that develop in the shade.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_California_Davis/PLS_002%3A_Botany_and_physiology_of_cultivated_plants/04%3A_Asexual_reproduction/4.02%3A_Grafting/4.2.02%3A_Unique_Storage_OrgansDuring the growing season, leaves and a stem emerge from the soil from the center of the plant, where the apical meristem is located. Newer leaves form in the interior of the bulb (the apical meristem...During the growing season, leaves and a stem emerge from the soil from the center of the plant, where the apical meristem is located. Newer leaves form in the interior of the bulb (the apical meristem is in the middle) and the papery skin is the oldest layer formed. The nodes may not be obvious when the potato is fresh from the grocery store, but in storage the potato may grow “eyes” which are new shoots that are growing from the once dormant nodes.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_California_Davis/PLS_002%3A_Botany_and_physiology_of_cultivated_plants/09%3A_Photosynthesis_-_carbon_reactions
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_California_Davis/PLS_002%3A_Botany_and_physiology_of_cultivated_plants/02%3A_Plant_structure/2.02%3A_Roots/2.2.02%3A_External_Root_StructureTaproots and fibrous roots are the two main types of root systems. In a taproot system, a main root grows vertically downward with a few lateral roots. Fibrous root systems arise at the base of the st...Taproots and fibrous roots are the two main types of root systems. In a taproot system, a main root grows vertically downward with a few lateral roots. Fibrous root systems arise at the base of the stem, where a cluster of roots forms a dense network that is shallower than a taproot.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_California_Davis/PLS_002%3A_Botany_and_physiology_of_cultivated_plants/13%3A_Respiration_and_metabolism/13.01%3A_Aerobic_Cellular_RespirationThrough aerobic cellular respiration, organisms break down sugars to produce usable energy in the form of ATP. This process consumes gaseous oxygen and releases carbon dioxide and water. There are fou...Through aerobic cellular respiration, organisms break down sugars to produce usable energy in the form of ATP. This process consumes gaseous oxygen and releases carbon dioxide and water. There are four steps: glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_California_Davis/PLS_002%3A_Botany_and_physiology_of_cultivated_plants/03%3A_Origin_and_evolution_of_land_plants
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_California_Davis/PLS_002%3A_Botany_and_physiology_of_cultivated_plants/11%3A_Plant_water_relations/11.03%3A_Cohesion-Tension_TheoryAccording to the cohesion-tension theory, the main force that drives water up a plant is transpiration and cohesion and adhesion of water in the xylem.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_California_Davis/PLS_002%3A_Botany_and_physiology_of_cultivated_plants/02%3A_Plant_structureThe root system is typically belowground and consists of roots, which specialized in water and nutrient absorption. The shoot system consists of stems and leaves and is typically aboveground. Stems fu...The root system is typically belowground and consists of roots, which specialized in water and nutrient absorption. The shoot system consists of stems and leaves and is typically aboveground. Stems function in supporting the plant and transporting materials (conduction), and leaves function in photosynthesis. Figure \PageIndex1: The shoot system consists of the stems and leaves, and the root system is the fibrous mat embedded in the soil.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_California_Davis/PLS_002%3A_Botany_and_physiology_of_cultivated_plants/07%3A_Biotechnology/7.02%3A_Genetic_Modification/7.2.01%3A_IntroductionGenetic modification of organisms has been occurring through human manipulation since the beginning of agriculture. Humans selectively bred crops and livestock to propagate desirable traits in a proce...Genetic modification of organisms has been occurring through human manipulation since the beginning of agriculture. Humans selectively bred crops and livestock to propagate desirable traits in a process termed artificial selection. The original grass that gave rise to domesticated corn called teosinte hardly resembles what we think of when imagining modern maize.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_California_Davis/PLS_002%3A_Botany_and_physiology_of_cultivated_plants/03%3A_Origin_and_evolution_of_land_plants/3.02%3A_Biodiversity_(Organismal_Groups)/3.2.01%3A_Systematics/3.2.1.05%3A_Chapter_SummaryA brief summary of the concepts covered in Chapter 2.1
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_California_Davis/PLS_002%3A_Botany_and_physiology_of_cultivated_plants/02%3A_Plant_structure/2.03%3A_Stems/2.3.02%3A_Internal_Anatomy_of_the_Primary_StemThe three tissue systems in stems are represented by the epidermis (dermal tissue), cortex and pith (ground tissue), and vascular cylinder or bundles (vascular tissue).
