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- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_California_Davis/PLS_002%3A_Botany_and_physiology_of_cultivated_plants/07%3A_Biotechnology/7.01%3A_Genetically_Engineered_CropsThe phosphate backbone is displayed as an orange ribbon. (B) Chemical structure of DNA with colored labels identifying the four bases as well as the phosphate and deoxyribose components of the backbon...The phosphate backbone is displayed as an orange ribbon. (B) Chemical structure of DNA with colored labels identifying the four bases as well as the phosphate and deoxyribose components of the backbone. “DNA double helix” is a derivative of “DNA chemical structure” by Madeleine Price Ball, used under CC0 1.0, and “Double stranded DNA with coloured bases” by Vcpmartin, used under CC BY-SA 4.0. “DNA double helix” is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 by Sushma Naithani.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_California_Davis/PLS_002%3A_Botany_and_physiology_of_cultivated_plants/02%3A_Plant_structure/2.01%3A_Cells_and_Tissues/2.1.03%3A_Plant_TissuesTissue is a union of cells which have common origin, function and similar morphology. Tissues belong to organs: organ is a union of different tissues which have common function(s) and origin. Plants h...Tissue is a union of cells which have common origin, function and similar morphology. Tissues belong to organs: organ is a union of different tissues which have common function(s) and origin. Plants have simple and complex tissues. The simple tissues (tissues with uniform cells) are composed of the same type of cells; complex tissues (tissues with more than one type of cells) are composed of more than one type of cell, these are unique to plants.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_California_Davis/PLS_002%3A_Botany_and_physiology_of_cultivated_plants/08%3A_Basic_chemistry_and_biochemistry/8.02%3A_Biological_Macromolecules/8.2.06%3A_Nucleic_AcidsNucleic acids are the most important macromolecules for the continuity of life. They carry the genetic blueprint of a cell and carry instructions for the functioning of the cell.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_California_Davis/PLS_002%3A_Botany_and_physiology_of_cultivated_plants/03%3A_Origin_and_evolution_of_land_plants/3.02%3A_Biodiversity_(Organismal_Groups)/3.2.03%3A_Seed_Plants/3.2.3.02%3A_GymnospermsIn gymnosperms, protective seeds filled with nutritive tissue (including the megagametophtye) replace spores as the dispersal mechanism. Antheridia are lost in the microgametophyte, which is reduced t...In gymnosperms, protective seeds filled with nutritive tissue (including the megagametophtye) replace spores as the dispersal mechanism. Antheridia are lost in the microgametophyte, which is reduced to four cells and is dispersed as a whole (pollen). The evolution of secondary growth allows for the lateral deposition of woody tissues. This latter development, along with xerophytic leaves, allows gymnosperms to tolerate a wide variety of new environmental stressors.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_California_Davis/PLS_002%3A_Botany_and_physiology_of_cultivated_plants/02%3A_Plant_structure/2.03%3A_Stems/2.3.03%3A_Secondary_StemSecondary growth begins in their first year within the stem and continues on for many more years. These plants are classified as woody. They develop secondary tissues, like the periderm and wood.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_California_Davis/PLS_002%3A_Botany_and_physiology_of_cultivated_plants/10%3A_Photosynthesis_-_light_reactions/10.02%3A_The_Light-dependent_ReactionsLike all other forms of kinetic energy, light can travel, change form, and be harnessed to do work. In the case of photosynthesis, light energy is converted into chemical energy, which photoautotrophs...Like all other forms of kinetic energy, light can travel, change form, and be harnessed to do work. In the case of photosynthesis, light energy is converted into chemical energy, which photoautotrophs use to build carbohydrate molecules. However, autotrophs only use a few specific components of sunlight.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_California_Davis/PLS_002%3A_Botany_and_physiology_of_cultivated_plants/03%3A_Origin_and_evolution_of_land_plants/3.02%3A_Biodiversity_(Organismal_Groups)/3.2.01%3A_Systematics/3.2.1.04%3A_Perspectives_on_the_Phylogenetic_TreeThe concepts of phylogenetic modeling are constantly changing. It is one of the most dynamic fields of study in all of biology. Over the last several decades, new research has challenged scientists’ i...The concepts of phylogenetic modeling are constantly changing. It is one of the most dynamic fields of study in all of biology. Over the last several decades, new research has challenged scientists’ ideas about how organisms are related. New models of these relationships have been proposed for consideration by the scientific community.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_California_Davis/PLS_002%3A_Botany_and_physiology_of_cultivated_plants/08%3A_Basic_chemistry_and_biochemistry/8.02%3A_Biological_Macromolecules/8.2.02%3A_Synthesis_of_Biological_MacromoleculesBiological macromolecules are large molecules, necessary for life, that are built from smaller organic molecules. There are four major classes of biological macromolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, prot...Biological macromolecules are large molecules, necessary for life, that are built from smaller organic molecules. There are four major classes of biological macromolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids); each is an important cell component and performs a wide array of functions. Combined, these molecules make up the majority of a cell’s dry mass (recall that water makes up the majority of its complete mass).
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_California_Davis/PLS_002%3A_Botany_and_physiology_of_cultivated_plants/14%3A_Mineral_nutrition/14.E%3A_Soil_and_Plant_Nutrition_(Exercises)Soil quality depends not only on the chemical composition of the soil, but also the topography (regional surface features) and the presence of living organisms. In agriculture, the history of the soil...Soil quality depends not only on the chemical composition of the soil, but also the topography (regional surface features) and the presence of living organisms. In agriculture, the history of the soil, such as the cultivating practices and previous crops, modify the characteristics and fertility of that soil. Climate describes how temperature, moisture, and wind cause different patterns of weathering, influencing the characteristics of the soil.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_California_Davis/PLS_002%3A_Botany_and_physiology_of_cultivated_plants/03%3A_Origin_and_evolution_of_land_plants/3.02%3A_Biodiversity_(Organismal_Groups)/3.2.04%3A_Angiosperm_Diversity/3.2.4.03%3A_Fruits_and_DispersalFruits are structures specialized for seed dispersal, typically adapted for a specific diserpsal mechanism. True fruits are composed from the ovary wall, which becomes the pericarp and can sometimes b...Fruits are structures specialized for seed dispersal, typically adapted for a specific diserpsal mechanism. True fruits are composed from the ovary wall, which becomes the pericarp and can sometimes be separated into three distinct layers: exocarp, mesocarp, and endocarp. The morphology of these layers, whether the fruit is fleshy or dry, and how it opens are all used to determine fruit type. Accessory fruits are sometimes formed from other floral parts, such as the receptacle.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_California_Davis/PLS_002%3A_Botany_and_physiology_of_cultivated_plants/08%3A_Basic_chemistry_and_biochemistry/8.02%3A_Biological_Macromolecules/8.2.01%3A_Prelude_to_Biological_MacromoleculesFood provides the body with the nutrients it needs to survive. Many of these critical nutrients are biological macromolecules, or large molecules, necessary for life. These macromolecules (polymers) a...Food provides the body with the nutrients it needs to survive. Many of these critical nutrients are biological macromolecules, or large molecules, necessary for life. These macromolecules (polymers) are built from different combinations of smaller organic molecules (monomers). What specific types of biological macromolecules do living things require? How are these molecules formed? What functions do they serve? In this chapter, these questions will be explored.
