We assume that the physiological basis of the conditioned response is the transfer, by appropriate neurons, of nervous activity in the auditory areas of the brain to the motor neurons controlling sali...We assume that the physiological basis of the conditioned response is the transfer, by appropriate neurons, of nervous activity in the auditory areas of the brain to the motor neurons controlling salivation. By first rewarding (e.g., with a pellet of food) even the slightest movement to the left and then only more complete turns, a skilled experimenter can in about 2 minutes train a naive pigeon to make a complete turn.