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- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Hanover_College/Comparative_Anatomy_and_Physiology_of_Animals/03%3A_The_Excretory_System/3.04%3A_Excretion_SystemsMicroorganisms and invertebrate animals use more primitive and simple mechanisms to get rid of their metabolic wastes than the mammalian system of kidney and urinary function. Three excretory systems ...Microorganisms and invertebrate animals use more primitive and simple mechanisms to get rid of their metabolic wastes than the mammalian system of kidney and urinary function. Three excretory systems evolved in organisms before complex kidneys: vacuoles, flame cells, and Malpighian tubules.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/General_Biology_1e_(OpenStax)/7%3A_Animal_Structure_and_Function/41%3A_Osmotic_Regulation_and_Excretion/41.3%3A_Excretion_SystemsMicroorganisms and invertebrate animals use more primitive and simple mechanisms to get rid of their metabolic wastes than the mammalian system of kidney and urinary function. Three excretory systems ...Microorganisms and invertebrate animals use more primitive and simple mechanisms to get rid of their metabolic wastes than the mammalian system of kidney and urinary function. Three excretory systems evolved in organisms before complex kidneys: vacuoles, flame cells, and Malpighian tubules.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/General_Biology_(Boundless)/41%3A_Osmotic_Regulation_and_the_Excretory_System/41.08%3A_Excretion_Systems_-_Flame_Cells_of_Planaria_and_Nephridia_of_WormsFlame cells and nephridia remove the waste from bodies through filtration in a manner similar to a kidney.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/General_Biology_2e_(OpenStax)/07%3A_Unit_VII-_Animal_Structure_and_Function/7.09%3A_Osmotic_Regulation_and_Excretion/7.9.04%3A_Excretion_SystemsMicroorganisms and invertebrate animals use more primitive and simple mechanisms to get rid of their metabolic wastes than the mammalian system of kidney and urinary function. Three excretory systems ...Microorganisms and invertebrate animals use more primitive and simple mechanisms to get rid of their metabolic wastes than the mammalian system of kidney and urinary function. Three excretory systems evolved in organisms before complex kidneys: vacuoles, flame cells, and Malpighian tubules.
