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- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Folsom_Lake_College/BIOL_440%3A_General_Microbiology_(Panoutsopoulos)/05%3A_Interactions_between_Microbes_and_Humans_and_Antimicrobial_Treatment/5.01%3A_Control_of_Microbial_Growth/5.1.02%3A_Using_Physical_Methods_to_Control_MicroorganismsFor thousands of years, humans have used various physical methods of microbial control for food preservation. Common control methods include the application of high temperatures, radiation, filtration...For thousands of years, humans have used various physical methods of microbial control for food preservation. Common control methods include the application of high temperatures, radiation, filtration, and desiccation (drying), among others. Many of these methods nonspecifically kill cells by disrupting membranes, changing membrane permeability, or damaging proteins and nucleic acids by denaturation, degradation, or chemical modification.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/North_Central_State_College/BIOL_1550%3A_Microbiology_(2025)/14%3A_Horizontal_Gene_Transfer_and_Operons/14.01%3A_MutationsA mutation is a heritable change in the DNA sequence of an organism. The resulting organism, called a mutant, may have a recognizable change in phenotype compared to the wild type, which is the phenot...A mutation is a heritable change in the DNA sequence of an organism. The resulting organism, called a mutant, may have a recognizable change in phenotype compared to the wild type, which is the phenotype most commonly observed in nature. A change in the DNA sequence is conferred to mRNA through transcription, and may lead to an altered amino acid sequence in a protein on translation.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Prince_Georges_Community_College/PGCC_Microbiology/10%3A_Control_of_Microbial_Growth/10.03%3A_Using_Physical_Methods_to_Control_MicroorganismsFor thousands of years, humans have used various physical methods of microbial control for food preservation. Common control methods include the application of high temperatures, radiation, filtration...For thousands of years, humans have used various physical methods of microbial control for food preservation. Common control methods include the application of high temperatures, radiation, filtration, and desiccation (drying), among others. Many of these methods nonspecifically kill cells by disrupting membranes, changing membrane permeability, or damaging proteins and nucleic acids by denaturation, degradation, or chemical modification.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Microbiology_(OpenStax)/13%3A_Control_of_Microbial_Growth/13.02%3A_Using_Physical_Methods_to_Control_MicroorganismsFor thousands of years, humans have used various physical methods of microbial control for food preservation. Common control methods include the application of high temperatures, radiation, filtration...For thousands of years, humans have used various physical methods of microbial control for food preservation. Common control methods include the application of high temperatures, radiation, filtration, and desiccation (drying), among others. Many of these methods nonspecifically kill cells by disrupting membranes, changing membrane permeability, or damaging proteins and nucleic acids by denaturation, degradation, or chemical modification.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Sacramento_City_College/BIOL_440%3A_General_Microbiology_(Hughes)/08%3A_Week_8/13%3A_Mechanisms_of_Microbial_Genetics_(Part_B)/13.01%3A_MutationsA mutation is a heritable change in the DNA sequence of an organism. The resulting organism, called a mutant, may have a recognizable change in phenotype compared to the wild type, which is the phenot...A mutation is a heritable change in the DNA sequence of an organism. The resulting organism, called a mutant, may have a recognizable change in phenotype compared to the wild type, which is the phenotype most commonly observed in nature. A change in the DNA sequence is conferred to mRNA through transcription, and may lead to an altered amino acid sequence in a protein on translation.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Portland_Community_College/Cascade_Microbiology/16%3A_Control_of_Microbial_Growth/16.2%3A_Using_Physical_Methods_to_Control_MicroorganismsFor thousands of years, humans have used various physical methods of microbial control for food preservation. Common control methods include the application of high temperatures, radiation, filtration...For thousands of years, humans have used various physical methods of microbial control for food preservation. Common control methods include the application of high temperatures, radiation, filtration, and desiccation (drying), among others. Many of these methods nonspecifically kill cells by disrupting membranes, changing membrane permeability, or damaging proteins and nucleic acids by denaturation, degradation, or chemical modification.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Genetics/Working_with_Molecular_Genetics_(Hardison)/Unit_II%3A_Replication_Maintenance_and_Alteration_of_the_Genetic_Material/7%3A_Mutation_and_Repair_of_DNA/7.3%3A_Ionizing_RadiationHigh energy radiation, such as X-rays, γ -rays, and β particles (or electrons) are powerful mutagens. Since they can change the number of electrons on an atom, converting a compound to an ionized fo...High energy radiation, such as X-rays, γ -rays, and β particles (or electrons) are powerful mutagens. Since they can change the number of electrons on an atom, converting a compound to an ionized form, they are referred to as ionizing radiation. They can cause a number of chemical changes in DNA, including directly break phosphodiester backbone of DNA, leading to deletions.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/City_College_of_San_Francisco/Introduction_to_Microbiology_OER_-_Ying_Liu/14%3A_Horizontal_Gene_Transfer_and_Operons/14.01%3A_MutationsA mutation is a heritable change in the DNA sequence of an organism. The resulting organism, called a mutant, may have a recognizable change in phenotype compared to the wild type, which is the phenot...A mutation is a heritable change in the DNA sequence of an organism. The resulting organism, called a mutant, may have a recognizable change in phenotype compared to the wild type, which is the phenotype most commonly observed in nature. A change in the DNA sequence is conferred to mRNA through transcription, and may lead to an altered amino acid sequence in a protein on translation.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Microbiology_(OpenStax)/11%3A_Mechanisms_of_Microbial_Genetics/11.05%3A_MutationsA mutation is a heritable change in the DNA sequence of an organism. The resulting organism, called a mutant, may have a recognizable change in phenotype compared to the wild type, which is the phenot...A mutation is a heritable change in the DNA sequence of an organism. The resulting organism, called a mutant, may have a recognizable change in phenotype compared to the wild type, which is the phenotype most commonly observed in nature. A change in the DNA sequence is conferred to mRNA through transcription, and may lead to an altered amino acid sequence in a protein on translation.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/New_England_College/Microbiology_with_NEC/10%3A_Control_of_Microbial_Growth/10.02%3A_Using_Physical_Methods_to_Control_MicroorganismsFor thousands of years, humans have used various physical methods of microbial control for food preservation. Common control methods include the application of high temperatures, radiation, filtration...For thousands of years, humans have used various physical methods of microbial control for food preservation. Common control methods include the application of high temperatures, radiation, filtration, and desiccation (drying), among others. Many of these methods nonspecifically kill cells by disrupting membranes, changing membrane permeability, or damaging proteins and nucleic acids by denaturation, degradation, or chemical modification.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Prince_Georges_Community_College/PGCC_Microbiology/09%3A_Microbial_Genetics/9.05%3A_MutationsA mutation is a heritable change in the DNA sequence of an organism. The resulting organism, called a mutant, may have a recognizable change in phenotype compared to the wild type, which is the phenot...A mutation is a heritable change in the DNA sequence of an organism. The resulting organism, called a mutant, may have a recognizable change in phenotype compared to the wild type, which is the phenotype most commonly observed in nature. A change in the DNA sequence is conferred to mRNA through transcription, and may lead to an altered amino acid sequence in a protein on translation.
