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- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Folsom_Lake_College/BIOL_440%3A_General_Microbiology_(Panoutsopoulos)/06%3A_The_Immune_System_Nonspecific_and_Specific_Defenses/6.01%3A_The_Lymphatic_and_Immune_System/6.1.05%3A_The_Adaptive_Immune_Response_-_B_Lymphocytes_and_AntibodiesAntibodies were the first component of the adaptive immune response to be characterized by scientists working on the immune system. It was already known that individuals who survived a bacterial infec...Antibodies were the first component of the adaptive immune response to be characterized by scientists working on the immune system. It was already known that individuals who survived a bacterial infection were immune to re-infection with the same pathogen. Early microbiologists took serum from an immune patient and mixed it with a fresh culture of the same type of bacteria, then observed the bacteria under a microscope.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Portland_Community_College/Cascade_Microbiology/12%3A_Specific_Adaptive_Host_Defenses/12.1%3A_Architecture_of_the_Immune_SystemThe two ‘arms’ of the Y-shaped antibody molecule are known as the Fab region, for “fragment of antigen binding.” The far end of the Fab region is the variable region, which serves as the site of antig...The two ‘arms’ of the Y-shaped antibody molecule are known as the Fab region, for “fragment of antigen binding.” The far end of the Fab region is the variable region, which serves as the site of antigen binding. Although the location of the J chain relative to the Fc regions of the five monomers prevents IgM from performing some of the functions of IgG, the ten available Fab sites associated with a pentameric IgM make it an important antibody in the body’s arsenal of defenses.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Mansfield_University_of_Pennsylvania/BSC_3271%3A_Microbiology_for_Health_Sciences_Sp21_(Kagle)/14%3A_Immunology/14.02%3A_Specific_Adaptive_Host_Defenses/14.2.01%3A_Architecture_of_the_Immune_SystemThe two ‘arms’ of the Y-shaped antibody molecule are known as the Fab region, for “fragment of antigen binding.” The far end of the Fab region is the variable region, which serves as the site of antig...The two ‘arms’ of the Y-shaped antibody molecule are known as the Fab region, for “fragment of antigen binding.” The far end of the Fab region is the variable region, which serves as the site of antigen binding. Although the location of the J chain relative to the Fc regions of the five monomers prevents IgM from performing some of the functions of IgG, the ten available Fab sites associated with a pentameric IgM make it an important antibody in the body’s arsenal of defenses.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/City_College_of_San_Francisco/Introduction_to_Microbiology_(Liu_et_al.)/22%3A_Adaptive_Immunity_I/22.04%3A_Antigen-Antibody_InteractionsThis page outlines the five key functions of antibodies in immune defense: neutralization (preventing pathogen attachment), opsonization (marking pathogens for phagocytosis), agglutination (clumping p...This page outlines the five key functions of antibodies in immune defense: neutralization (preventing pathogen attachment), opsonization (marking pathogens for phagocytosis), agglutination (clumping pathogens for clearance), complement activation (promoting inflammation and recruiting phagocytes), and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), where NK cells target larger pathogens.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Manchester_Community_College_(MCC)/Remix_of_Openstax%3AMicrobiology_by_Parker_Schneegurt_et_al/14%3A_Specific_Adaptive_Host_Defenses/14.01%3A_Architecture_of_the_Immune_SystemAdaptive immunity is defined by two important characteristics: specificity and memory. Specificity refers to the adaptive immune system’s ability to target specific pathogens, and memory refers to its...Adaptive immunity is defined by two important characteristics: specificity and memory. Specificity refers to the adaptive immune system’s ability to target specific pathogens, and memory refers to its ability to quickly respond to pathogens to which it has previously been exposed. For example, when an individual recovers from chickenpox, the body develops a memory of the infection that will specifically protect it from the causative agent if it is exposed to the virus again later.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Folsom_Lake_College/BIOL_440%3A_General_Microbiology_(Panoutsopoulos)/06%3A_The_Immune_System_Nonspecific_and_Specific_Defenses/6.03%3A_Specific_Adaptive_Host_Defenses/6.3.01%3A_Architecture_of_the_Immune_SystemAdaptive immunity is defined by two important characteristics: specificity and memory. Specificity refers to the adaptive immune system’s ability to target specific pathogens, and memory refers to its...Adaptive immunity is defined by two important characteristics: specificity and memory. Specificity refers to the adaptive immune system’s ability to target specific pathogens, and memory refers to its ability to quickly respond to pathogens to which it has previously been exposed. For example, when an individual recovers from chickenpox, the body develops a memory of the infection that will specifically protect it from the causative agent if it is exposed to the virus again later.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/North_Central_State_College/BIOL_1550%3A_Microbiology_(2025)/22%3A_Adaptive_Immunity_I/22.01%3A_Adaptive_Immune_Defenses_-_OverviewAdaptive immunity is defined by two important characteristics: specificity and memory. Specificity refers to the adaptive immune system’s ability to target specific pathogens, and memory refers to its...Adaptive immunity is defined by two important characteristics: specificity and memory. Specificity refers to the adaptive immune system’s ability to target specific pathogens, and memory refers to its ability to quickly respond to pathogens to which it has previously been exposed. For example, when an individual recovers from chickenpox, the body develops a memory of the infection that will specifically protect it from the causative agent if it is exposed to the virus again later.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/North_Central_State_College/BIOL_1550%3A_Microbiology_(2025)/22%3A_Adaptive_Immunity_I/22.03%3A_AntibodiesAdaptive immunity is defined by two important characteristics: specificity and memory. Specificity refers to the adaptive immune system’s ability to target specific pathogens, and memory refers to its...Adaptive immunity is defined by two important characteristics: specificity and memory. Specificity refers to the adaptive immune system’s ability to target specific pathogens, and memory refers to its ability to quickly respond to pathogens to which it has previously been exposed. For example, when an individual recovers from chickenpox, the body develops a memory of the infection that will specifically protect it from the causative agent if it is exposed to the virus again later.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/City_College_of_San_Francisco/Introduction_to_Microbiology_(Liu_et_al.)/22%3A_Adaptive_Immunity_I/22.03%3A_AntibodiesThis page discusses antibodies, or immunoglobulins, detailing their Y-shaped structure with heavy and light chains that aid in antigen binding. It highlights the function of the Fab region in antigen ...This page discusses antibodies, or immunoglobulins, detailing their Y-shaped structure with heavy and light chains that aid in antigen binding. It highlights the function of the Fab region in antigen attachment and the Fc region in interacting with complement and phagocytic cells.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Clinton_College/BIO_403%3A_Microbiology_(Neely)/06%3A_The_Immune_System_Nonspecific_and_Specific_Defenses/6.03%3A_Specific_Adaptive_Host_Defenses/6.3.01%3A_Architecture_of_the_Immune_SystemAdaptive immunity is defined by two important characteristics: specificity and memory. Specificity refers to the adaptive immune system’s ability to target specific pathogens, and memory refers to its...Adaptive immunity is defined by two important characteristics: specificity and memory. Specificity refers to the adaptive immune system’s ability to target specific pathogens, and memory refers to its ability to quickly respond to pathogens to which it has previously been exposed. For example, when an individual recovers from chickenpox, the body develops a memory of the infection that will specifically protect it from the causative agent if it is exposed to the virus again later.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/City_College_of_San_Francisco/Introduction_to_Microbiology_(Liu_et_al.)/22%3A_Adaptive_Immunity_I/22.02%3A_AntigensThis page discusses antigens, which trigger adaptive immunity and differ from PAMPs. Antigens can be proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, or nucleic acids, with their complexity influencing antigenic pote...This page discusses antigens, which trigger adaptive immunity and differ from PAMPs. Antigens can be proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, or nucleic acids, with their complexity influencing antigenic potential. Larger antigens have multiple regions (epitopes) recognized by antibodies. Haptens, small molecules that are not antigenic alone, can provoke an immune response when linked to larger carriers, leading to allergic reactions.
