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- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/09%3A_Regulation_of_Gene_ExpressionThis page discusses gene expression regulation in E. coli and eukaryotes, highlighting the tryptophan operon in bacteria and mechanisms like transcription, RNA processing, steroid response elements, a...This page discusses gene expression regulation in E. coli and eukaryotes, highlighting the tryptophan operon in bacteria and mechanisms like transcription, RNA processing, steroid response elements, and epigenetics in eukaryotes. It mentions techniques such as footprinting and chromatin immunoprecipitation for studying DNA-binding proteins and covers specialized topics, including cell-specific gene expression, imprinted genes, and ribozymes.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/09%3A_Regulation_of_Gene_Expression/9.06%3A_Visualization_of_Transcription_and_Translation_in_BacteriaThis page describes an electron micrograph illustrating simultaneous transcription and translation in E. coli, highlighting polysomes formed by mRNA and ribosomes on the chromosome. It explains that R...This page describes an electron micrograph illustrating simultaneous transcription and translation in E. coli, highlighting polysomes formed by mRNA and ribosomes on the chromosome. It explains that RNA polymerase is responsible for transcription, while ribosomes carry out translation. This simultaneous coordination in bacteria contrasts with eukaryotes, where these processes occur separately in the nucleus and cytosol.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/05%3A_DNA/5.08%3A_DNA_Sequencing_by_the_Dideoxy__MethodThis page discusses the DNA sequencing process, detailing the preparation of a single strand of template DNA and the use of nucleotides and dideoxynucleotides with fluorescent tags. This method allows...This page discusses the DNA sequencing process, detailing the preparation of a single strand of template DNA and the use of nucleotides and dideoxynucleotides with fluorescent tags. This method allows for the detection of nucleotides during DNA synthesis by polymerase I. An example DNA sequence from the lysU gene of E. coli is also included, featuring 455 nucleotides.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/09%3A_Regulation_of_Gene_Expression/9.07%3A_FootprintingThis page explains the technique of footprinting, which is used to identify DNA sequences where DNA-binding proteins attach. It involves cloning the DNA with the binding site, labeling it, and digesti...This page explains the technique of footprinting, which is used to identify DNA sequences where DNA-binding proteins attach. It involves cloning the DNA with the binding site, labeling it, and digesting it with DNase I to create radioactive fragments. Protein-bound regions, such as the lac repressor, remain undigested, resulting in gaps on an autoradiogram. By comparing these gaps to a DNA sequencing ladder, the specific base sequence of the operator can be determined.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/09%3A_Regulation_of_Gene_Expression/9.01%3A_Regulation_of_Gene_Expression_in_BacteriaThis page discusses gene expression regulation in E. coli, focusing on the lac operon, which metabolizes lactose through a repressor mechanism. When lactose is present, it enables transcription by det...This page discusses gene expression regulation in E. coli, focusing on the lac operon, which metabolizes lactose through a repressor mechanism. When lactose is present, it enables transcription by detaching the repressor. The page also covers the dual control by Catabolite Activator Protein (CAP), which requires cAMP for DNA binding, allowing prioritization of glucose over lactose.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/05%3A_DNA/5.06%3A_The_Meselson_-_Stahl_ExperimentThis page explains semiconservative DNA replication, where the two strands of DNA separate to serve as templates for new strands. Proposed by Watson and Crick and validated by the Meselson-Stahl exper...This page explains semiconservative DNA replication, where the two strands of DNA separate to serve as templates for new strands. Proposed by Watson and Crick and validated by the Meselson-Stahl experiment, this process ensures each daughter DNA molecule consists of one old and one new strand, resulting in an "immortal strand" passed through generations. This mechanism is observed in both bacteria such as E. coli and eukaryotic organisms during chromosome replication.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/08%3A_The_Genetic_Consequences_of_Meiosis/8.08%3A_rII_Locus_of_T4This page discusses the T2 and T4 bacteriophages' role in genetic research on E. coli, highlighting Benzer's study of the rII gene, where he identified around 2000 point mutations. He determined that ...This page discusses the T2 and T4 bacteriophages' role in genetic research on E. coli, highlighting Benzer's study of the rII gene, where he identified around 2000 point mutations. He determined that the smallest mutation units are single base pairs and used deletion mutants for efficient mapping. Benzer's complementation tests revealed two complementation groups in rII, leading to the concept of cistrons as genetic functional units.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biochemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biochemistry)/6._Lab_Notes_Part_2/6.1%3A_Genetic_Transformation_(using_bacteria_and_the_pGLO_plasmid)Genetic transformation is the process by which an organism acquires and expresses a new gene. Genetic engineering is the directed transfer of a gene, or piece of DNA, into a cell (typically a bacteria...Genetic transformation is the process by which an organism acquires and expresses a new gene. Genetic engineering is the directed transfer of a gene, or piece of DNA, into a cell (typically a bacteria). Typically the intent is to force the cell to express (produce) the protein that the newly introduced piece of DNA codes for (known as heterologous expression).
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/15%3A_The_Anatomy_and_Physiology_of_Animals/15.11%3A_Behavior/15.11.02%3A_TaxisThis page discusses how organisms move in response to stimuli through taxes, emphasizing examples such as chemotaxis in E. coli, phototaxis in green algae, and magnetotaxis in bacteria. It highlights ...This page discusses how organisms move in response to stimuli through taxes, emphasizing examples such as chemotaxis in E. coli, phototaxis in green algae, and magnetotaxis in bacteria. It highlights the role of chemokines in immune cell movement and suggests that the magnetotactic behavior of certain bacteria may provide clues about past life on Mars, referencing the discovery of similar magnetite particles in meteorites.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/09%3A_Regulation_of_Gene_Expression/9.09%3A_Isolating_Transcription_FactorsThis page discusses the isolation of rare transcription factors, highlighting that they exist in low quantities within cells (e.g., E. coli's lac repressor). It explains the use of affinity chromatogr...This page discusses the isolation of rare transcription factors, highlighting that they exist in low quantities within cells (e.g., E. coli's lac repressor). It explains the use of affinity chromatography, where DNA sequences specific to the repressor are attached to beads to capture and purify these factors, allowing for effective study amid a plethora of other proteins.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/19%3A_The_Diversity_of_Life/19.03%3A_VirusesThis page discusses various types of viruses, including bacteriophages like φX174 that infect E. coli, and highlights the historical impact of smallpox as a deadly disease in Europe and the New World....This page discusses various types of viruses, including bacteriophages like φX174 that infect E. coli, and highlights the historical impact of smallpox as a deadly disease in Europe and the New World. It also addresses retroviruses, specifically HIV-1 and HIV-2, which have RNA genomes and are linked to AIDS.
