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- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/City_College_of_San_Francisco/Introduction_to_Genetics/03%3A_Meiosis_-_Sexual_Reproduction/3.05%3A_Comparing_Meiosis_and_MitosisThis page details the differences between mitosis and meiosis, two types of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells. Mitosis produces two genetically identical diploid cells for growth and replacement, w...This page details the differences between mitosis and meiosis, two types of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells. Mitosis produces two genetically identical diploid cells for growth and replacement, while meiosis results in four genetically diverse haploid cells essential for sexual reproduction.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/07%3A_Cell_Division/7.07%3A_MeiosisThis page covers meiosis, a crucial process in sexual reproduction that produces four haploid cells from one diploid cell, involving two divisions and featuring genetic recombination and chromosome as...This page covers meiosis, a crucial process in sexual reproduction that produces four haploid cells from one diploid cell, involving two divisions and featuring genetic recombination and chromosome assortment for diversity. It highlights the importance of checkpoints to prevent errors, which, if present, can lead to chromosomal abnormalities such as monosomy, often lethal, and trisomy, which can result in conditions like Down syndrome.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/City_College_of_San_Francisco/Introduction_to_Genetics/13%3A_Cancer_Genetics/13.04%3A_Mutagens_and_CarcinogensThis page discusses carcinogens, which are agents that increase cancer incidence, predominantly through mutagenic effects. It highlights HPV as a biological carcinogen linked to cervical cancer via on...This page discusses carcinogens, which are agents that increase cancer incidence, predominantly through mutagenic effects. It highlights HPV as a biological carcinogen linked to cervical cancer via oncogenes (E6, E7), and details ionizing radiation as a physical carcinogen damaging DNA. Additionally, it covers chemical carcinogens that require metabolism for effectiveness. Overall, reducing exposure to known carcinogens is emphasized as a method to lower cancer risk.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biochemistry/Fundamentals_of_Biochemistry_(Jakubowski_and_Flatt)/Unit_IV_-_Special_Topics/28%3A_Biosignaling_-_Capstone_Volume_I/28.13%3A_Regulation_of_the_Cell_Cycle_by_Protein_KinasesThe page provides a comprehensive guide to understanding the molecular mechanisms controlling the cell cycle, focusing on cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), cyclins, and their regulation. It explains th...The page provides a comprehensive guide to understanding the molecular mechanisms controlling the cell cycle, focusing on cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), cyclins, and their regulation. It explains the roles and mechanisms of these proteins in various cell cycle phases (G1, S, G2, M), highlights the importance of cyclin levels and CDK activity, and discusses the impacts of dysregulated kinase activity on diseases such as cancer.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/City_College_of_San_Francisco/Introduction_to_Genetics/13%3A_Cancer_Genetics/13.05%3A_OncogenesGenes that are a part of the normal regulation of cell division, but which after mutation contribute to cancer, are called proto-oncogenes. Once a proto-oncogene has been abnormally activated by mutat...Genes that are a part of the normal regulation of cell division, but which after mutation contribute to cancer, are called proto-oncogenes. Once a proto-oncogene has been abnormally activated by mutation, it is called an oncogene. More than 100 genes have been defined as proto-oncogenes. These include genes at almost every step of the signaling pathways that normally induce cell to divide, including growth factors, receptors, signal transducers, and transcription factors.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biochemistry/Fundamentals_of_Biochemistry_(Jakubowski_and_Flatt)/Unit_IV_-_Special_Topics/28%3A_Biosignaling_-_Capstone_Volume_I/28.03%3A_The_Next_step_-_The_Kinome_and_Activation_of_Kinases_at_the_Cell_MembraneThis page explores the fundamentals of biochemistry with a focus on protein kinases, cellular signaling, and the kinome. It covers the diversity and structural features of kinases, how they are activa...This page explores the fundamentals of biochemistry with a focus on protein kinases, cellular signaling, and the kinome. It covers the diversity and structural features of kinases, how they are activated and regulated, including the detailed mechanisms of the kinome, kinases like Protein Kinase A, Protein Kinase C, and Akt, and their roles in signal transduction related to health and disease.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/City_College_of_San_Francisco/Introduction_to_Genetics/10%3A__Changes_in_Chromosome_Number_and_Structure/10.01%3A__Changes_in_Chromosome_NumberThis page explains chromosome abnormalities due to nondisjunction in mitosis and meiosis, where improper separation leads to aneuploidy. This condition causes daughter cells to have abnormal chromosom...This page explains chromosome abnormalities due to nondisjunction in mitosis and meiosis, where improper separation leads to aneuploidy. This condition causes daughter cells to have abnormal chromosome counts, which generally reduces cell viability as they may lack or have excess gene copies, impairing functionality. While some unbalanced gametes might function, they frequently result in non-viable embryos.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/City_College_of_San_Francisco/Introduction_to_Genetics/10%3A__Changes_in_Chromosome_Number_and_StructureThis chapter examines: (1) changes in the number of whole chromosomes and how they affect the phenotype of an organism and (2) changes in the structure of individual chromosomes and how they affect me...This chapter examines: (1) changes in the number of whole chromosomes and how they affect the phenotype of an organism and (2) changes in the structure of individual chromosomes and how they affect meiotic pairing. Human examples will be used to show the phenotypic consequences and methods for detection.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/City_College_of_San_Francisco/Introduction_to_Genetics/13%3A_Cancer_Genetics/13.02%3A_Cancer_Cell_BiologyThis page explains that cancer starts with increased cell division, resulting in larger cells and a higher mitosis rate. As cancer advances, normal cell structure and organization are compromised, lea...This page explains that cancer starts with increased cell division, resulting in larger cells and a higher mitosis rate. As cancer advances, normal cell structure and organization are compromised, leading to dysplasia and tumor growth. Tumors can be benign or malignant, with malignant tumors being invasive and capable of metastasis. Early detection is vital for effective treatment to avoid the spread of cancer.
