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E3. Metabolic Control Analysis and Simple Enzyme Inhibition

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    5628
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    Biochemists model complex enzyme-catalyzed reactions in the presence and absence of modifiers (either activators or inhibitors) to develop mechanisms for the reactions. The following kinetic parameters are experimentally determined by fitting initial velocity (vo) vs substrate concentration ([S]) through nonlinear fitting algorithms.

    • Km – the Michaelis Constant, the concentration of substrate at half-maximal velocity;
    • Vm – the velocity at saturating substrate concentration;
    • kcat - the turnover number for conversion of bound reactant to product;
    • Kix – inhibition dissociation constants.

    An example of competitive inhibition illustrates a common type of analysis for such reactions.

    compinhib.jpg

    A modern pictorial depiction of a simple irreversible, enzyme-catalyzed reaction of substrate S going to product P with inhibition by the product and by an added inhibitor is shown below:

    moderncompinhib.gif

    Consider the simple enzyme-catalyzed reaction for a reversible conversion of substrate S to product P that has 3 reversible steps.

    rxderivation.gif

    If the forward (f) and reverse (r) chemical reaction steps (reactions 2 and -2) were irreversible and written separately, simple Michaelis-Menten equations could be written for each

    rxderiv1.gif

    For the actual reversible reactions for step 2, the net forward rate cannot be found by simple subtraction of the two equations above as the differential equations describing the simple forward and reverse rates don’t account for the reverse steps

    rxderv2.gif

    A simple derivation (assuming rapid equilibrium for both forward and reverse steps) can be made for the net forward reaction. Again consider the following enzyme catalyzed reaction:

    rxderivation.gif

    You may remember that for the isolated E + S <----> ES and for E + P < ----> EP reactions, the simple dissociation constants, KS and KP are given by

    rxderiv3.gif

    The rapid equilibrium assumption states that the rate of dissociation of ES and EP, which are both physical steps, are much faster than the rate of the chemical conversion steps for each complex. Hence k-1 >> k2 and k3 >> k-2, so the relative amounts of ES and EP can be determined from the dissociation constants as shown above.

    Mass conservation of enzyme gives

    massconser.gif

    From this we can get the fractional amount of both ES and EP

    img4F.gif
    Now we can derive the rate equation for the net forward reaction for the rapid equilibrium case:

    rxeq5.gif

    Knowing that k2E0 and k-2E0 represent the maximal velocities, Vf and Vr, respectively, the equation becomes:

    rxeq6.gif

    An equation of similar form can be derived from the steady state assumption. This equation is clearly different from the earlier equation (4) derived by intuitively assuming a simple subtraction of the irreversible forward and reverse rates which we have now shown to be invalid by comparison.

    rxderv2.gif

    Programs like COPASI have many built in equations for velocities of many enzyme-catalyzed reactions that have similar forms. Two are shown below:

    Reversible Michaelis-Menten: revmmeq.gif

    Competitive Inhibition Reversible: compinhreveq.gif

    Contributors


    This page titled E3. Metabolic Control Analysis and Simple Enzyme Inhibition is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Henry Jakubowski.

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