16.E: The Body's Systems (Exercises)
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16.1: Homeostasis and Osmoregulation
Review Questions
When faced with a sudden drop in environmental temperature, an endothermic animal will ________.
A. experience a drop in its body temperature
B. wait to see if it goes lower
C. increase muscle activity to generate heat
D. add fur or fat to increase insulation
- Answer
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C
How are wastes carried to the kidney for removal?
A. in cells
B. in the urine
C. in blood
D. in interstitial fluid
- Answer
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C
What is the cause of a fever of 38.3 °C (101 °F)?
A. too much heat produced by the body
B. upward adjustment of the body temperature set point
C. inadequate cooling mechanisms in the body
D. the heat caused by a viral or bacterial infection
- Answer
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B
Free Response
Describe how the body’s mechanisms maintain homeostasis?
- Answer
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The body has a sensor that detects a deviation of the state of the cells or the body from the set point. The information is relayed to a control center, usually the brain, where signals go to effectors. Those effectors cause a negative feedback response that moves the state of the body in a direction back toward the set point.
Why is excretion important in order to achieve osmotic balance?
- Answer
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Excretion allows an organism to rid itself of waste molecules that could be toxic if allowed to accumulate. It also allows the organism to keep the amount of water and dissolved solutes in balance.
16.2: Digestive System
Review Questions
Where does the majority of fat digestion take place?
A. mouth
B. stomach
C. small intestine
D. large intestine
- Answer
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C
The bile from the liver is delivered to the ________.
A. stomach
B. liver
C. small intestine
D. colon
- Answer
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C
Which of the following statements is not true?
A. Essential nutrients can be synthesized by the body.
B. Vitamins are required in small quantities for bodily function.
C. Some amino acids can be synthesized by the body, while others need to be obtained from diet.
D. Vitamins come in two categories: fat-soluble and water-soluble.
- Answer
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A
Free Response
What is the role of the accessory organs in digestion?
- Answer
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Accessory organs play an important role in producing and delivering digestive juices to the intestine during digestion and absorption. Specifically, the salivary glands, liver, pancreas, and gallbladder play important roles. Malfunction of any of these organs can lead to disease states.
What is the role of minerals in maintaining good health?
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Minerals—such as potassium, sodium, and calcium—are required for the functioning of many cellular processes. While minerals are required in trace amounts, not having minerals in the diet can be potentially harmful.
Discuss why obesity is a growing epidemic.
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In the United States, obesity, particularly childhood obesity, is a growing concern. Some of the contributors to this situation include sedentary lifestyles and consuming more processed foods and less fruits and vegetables. As a result, even young children who are obese can face health concerns.
16.3: Circulatory and Respiratory Systems
Review Questions
The respiratory system ________.
A. provides body tissues with oxygen
B. provides body tissues with oxygen and carbon dioxide
C. establishes how many breaths are taken per minute
D. provides the body with carbon dioxide
- Answer
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A
Which is the order of airflow during inhalation?
A. nasal cavity, trachea, larynx, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
B. nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
C. nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, bronchioles, bronchi, alveoli
D. nasal cavity, trachea, larynx, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
- Answer
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B
Where does the right ventricle send blood?
A. the head
B. the upper body
C. the lungs
D. the lower body
- Answer
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C
During the systolic phase of the cardiac cycle, the heart is ________.
A. contracting
B. relaxing
C. contracting and relaxing
D. filling with blood
- Answer
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A
How do arteries differ from veins?
A. Arteries have thicker wall layers to accommodate the changes in pressure from the heart.
B. Arteries carry blood.
C. Arteries have thinner wall layers and valves and move blood by the action of skeletal muscle.
D. Arteries are thin walled and are used for gas exchange.
- Answer
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A
Free Response
Describe the function of these terms and describe where they are located: main bronchus, trachea, alveoli.
- Answer
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The main bronchus is the conduit in the lung that funnels air to the airways where gas exchange occurs. The main bronchus attaches the lungs to the very end of the trachea where it bifurcates. The trachea is the cartilaginous structure that extends from the pharynx to the lungs. It serves to funnel air to the lungs. The alveoli are the site of gas exchange; they are located at the terminal regions of the lung and are attached to the alveolar sacs, which come from the alveolar ducts and respiratory bronchioles terminal bronchi.
How does the structure of alveoli maximize gas exchange?
- Answer
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The sac-like structure of the alveoli increases their surface area. In addition, the alveoli are made of thin-walled cells. These features allows gases to easily diffuse across the cells.
Describe the cardiac cycle.
- Answer
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The heart receives an electrical signal triggering the cardiac muscle cells in the atria to contract. The signal pauses before passing onto the ventricles so the blood is pumped through the body. This is the systolic phase. The heart then relaxes in diastole and fills again with blood.
16.4: Endocrine System
Review Questions
Most of the hormones produced by the anterior pituitary perform what function?
A. regulate growth
B. regulate the sleep cycle
C. regulate production of other hormones
D. regulate blood volume and blood pressure
- Answer
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C
What is the function of the hormone erythropoietin?
A. stimulates production of red blood cells
B. stimulates muscle growth
C. causes the fight-or-flight response
D. causes testosterone production
- Answer
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A
Which endocrine glands are associated with the kidneys?
A. thyroid glands
B. pituitary glands
C. adrenal glands
D. gonads
- Answer
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C
Free Response
What is a similarity and a difference between an exocrine gland and an endocrine gland?
- Answer
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The cells of both exocrine and endocrine glands produce a product that will be secreted by the gland. An exocrine gland has a duct and secretes its product to the outside of the gland, not into the bloodstream. An endocrine gland secretes its product into the bloodstream and does not use a duct.
Describe how hormone receptors can play a role in affecting the size of the responses of tissues to hormones.
- Answer
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The number of receptors that respond to a hormone can change, resulting in increased or decreased cell sensitivity. The number of receptors can increase in response to rising hormone levels, called up-regulation, making the cell more sensitive to the hormone and allowing for more cellular activity. The number of receptors can also decrease in response to rising hormone levels, called down-regulation, leading to reduced cellular activity.
Many hormone systems regulate body functions through opposing hormone actions. Describe how opposing hormone actions regulate blood-glucose levels?
- Answer
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Blood-glucose levels are regulated by hormones produced by the pancreas: insulin and glucagon. When blood-glucose levels are increasing, the pancreas releases insulin, which stimulates uptake of glucose by cells. When blood-glucose levels are decreasing, the pancreas releases glucagon, which stimulates the release of stored glucose by the liver to the bloodstream.
16.5: Musculoskeletal System
Review Questions
Among other bones, the axial skeleton includes the ________.
A. thoracic cage and vertebral column
B. thoracic cage and pectoral girdle
C. skull and pelvic girdle
D. pectoral and pelvic girdles
- Answer
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A
The pectoral girdle supports the ________.
A. arms
B. legs
C. skull
D. thoracic cage
- Answer
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A
Which component is responsible for initially stimulating a muscle contraction?
A. proteins
B. electrochemical signals
C. plasma membranes
D. striations
- Answer
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B
What kind of muscle tissue is found surrounding the urinary bladder?
A. cardiac
B. skeletal
C. striated
D. smooth
- Answer
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D
Free Response
What movements occur at the hip joint and knees as you bend down to pick something up?
- Answer
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The hip joint is flexed and the knees are extended.
16.6: Nervous System
Review Questions
Neurons contain _________, which can receive signals from other neurons.
- axons
- mitochondria
- dendrites
- Golgi bodies
- Answer
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C
The part of the brain that is responsible for coordination during movement is the ______.
- limbic system
- thalamus
- cerebellum
- parietal lobe
- Answer
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C
Which part of the nervous system directly controls the digestive system?
- parasympathetic nervous system
- central nervous system
- spinal cord
- sensory-somatic nervous system
- Answer
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A
Free Response
How are neurons similar to other cells? How are they unique?
- Answer
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Neurons contain organelles common to all cells, such as a nucleus and mitochondria. They are unique because they contain dendrites, which can receive signals from other neurons, and axons that can send these signals to other cells.
What are the main functions of the spinal cord?
- Answer
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The spinal cord transmits sensory information from the body to the brain and motor commands from the brain to the body through its connections with peripheral nerves. It also controls motor reflexes.
What are the main differences between the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system?
- Answer
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The sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for “fight or flight,” whereas the parasympathetic nervous system allows the body to “rest and digest.” Sympathetic neurons release norepinephrine onto target organs; parasympathetic neurons release acetylcholine. Sympathetic neuron cell bodies are located in sympathetic ganglia. Parasympathetic neuron cell bodies are located in the brainstem and sacral spinal cord. Activation of the sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate and blood pressure and decreases digestion and blood flow to the skin. Activation of the parasympathetic nervous system decreases heart rate and blood pressure and increases digestion and blood flow to the skin.
What are the main functions of the sensory-somatic nervous system?
- Answer
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The sensory-somatic nervous system transmits sensory information from the skin, muscles, and sensory organs to the CNS. It also sends motor commands from the CNS to the muscles, causing them to contract.