8.8: Laboratory Activities and Assignment

Laboratory Activities and Assignment

Part 1: Review of the Skull

1. Match the following bone markings with their descriptions. Some choices may be used more than once.

____ foramen (pl. foramina) ____ process (pl. processes) ____ fossa (pl. fossae) ____ meatus (pl. meatuses) ____ ramus (pl. rami) ____ body (pl. bodies) ____ condyle (pl. condyles) ____ canal (pl. canals) ____ protuberance (pl. protuberances) ____ notch (pl. notches) ____ angle (pl. angles)

A location where a bone turns suddenly and sharply A hole or passageway in a bone A broad branch of a bone supporting other parts of that bone A large and/or main part of a bone A bony projection that is rounded at the end A bulge or knob-like projection A part of a bone that sticks outward from the rest An edge of a bone that indents A part of a bone that is shaped as a shallow basin

2. On the skull diagrams below, color the bones of the skull (listed below) with different colors with a key showing which color is for each bone. Also, label the sutures and markings listed below on the diagram.

Bones:	Sutures:	Markings:
ethmoid frontal lacrimal mandible maxilla nasal occipital palatine (not visible) parietal sphenoid temporal vomer zygomatic	coronal lambdoid occipitomastoid pterion sagittal sphenofrontal sphenoparietal sphenosquamous squamous	alveolar processes body of mandible condylar process (of mandible bone) coronoid process (of mandible bone) external acoustic meatus external occipital protuberance frontal process (of maxilla bone) inferior orbital fissure infraorbital foramen lacrimal fossa mandibular angle mandibular fossa mandibular notch mandibular ramus mandibular symphysis mastoid process mental foramen orbital perpendicular plate styloid process superior orbital fissure supraorbital foramen temporal process (of zygomatic bone) zygomatic process (of temporal bone) zygomatic process (of maxilla bone)

3. On the skull images below, color the bones of the skull (listed below) with different colors with a key showing which color is for each bone. Also, label the sutures and markings listed below on the diagram.

Bones:	Sutures:	Markings:
ethmoid frontal maxilla occipital palatine sphenoid temporal vomer zygomatic	lambdoid suture occipitomastoid suture squamous suture	anterior cranial fossa carotid canal cribriform plate crista galli external occipital protuberance foramen lacerum foramen magnum foramen ovale foramen spinosum greater wings of sphenoid hypoglossal canal hypophyseal fossa internal acoustic meatus lesser wings of sphenoid mandibular fossa mastoid process middle cranial fossa palatine process (of maxilla bone) posterior cranial fossa pterygoid processes occipital condyles olfactory foramina optic canals sella turcica stylomastoid foramen

Part 2: Review of the Vertebral Column

1. Label the following in the images below:

C1 through C7 T1 through T12 L1 through L5 sacrum coccyx occipital bone cervical curvature

thoracic curvature lumbar curvature sacral curvature atlas axis vertebral foramen dens

superior articular facets transverse processes transverse foramina spinous process pedicle lamina intervertebral foramina

2. Label the following in the images of anatomical models below with the following:

cervical vertebrae thoracic vertebrae lumbar vertebrae laminae pedicles

transverse processes transverse foramina superior articular processes inferior articular processes

vertebral foramina bodies costal facets (superior, inferior, transverse) spinous processes

3. Fill in the blanks to name the structures labeled on this thoracic vertebra below.

4. Label the images of the anatomical model below with the following:

sacrum coccyx superior articular process superior articular facet

anterior sacral foramina posterior sacral foramina ala auricular surface

median sacral crest sacral promontory number the sacral segments S1-S5

Part 3: Review of the Thoracic Cage

1. Label the image of the thoracic cage with the following:

number the ribs 1 - 12 true ribs false ribs floating ribs

sternum costal cartilage manubrium body of sternum

xiphoid process clavicular notch jugular notch T11 & T12 vertebrae

Part 4: Skull Laboratory Activities

1. With your lab group, obtain an anatomical model of a skull. Collaborate with your group members to identify the structures listed below. For each, write each structure's name on masking tape or labeling tape (with correct spelling) and stick onto the model to label each structure.

Bones:	Sutures:	Markings:
ethmoid frontal inferior nasal conchae lacrimal mandible maxilla nasal occipital palatine parietal sphenoid temporal vomer zygomatic	coronal lambdoid occipitomastoid pterion sagittal sphenofrontal sphenoparietal sphenosquamous squamous	alveolar processes anterior cranial fossa body of mandible carotid canal condylar process (of mandible bone) coronoid process (of mandible bone) cribriform plate crista galli external acoustic meatus external occipital protuberance foramen lacerum foramen magnum foramen ovale foramen spinosum frontal process (of maxilla bone) greater wings of sphenoid hypoglossal canal hypophyseal fossa inferior orbital fissure infraorbital foramen internal acoustic meatus lacrimal fossa lesser wings of sphenoid mandibular angle mandibular fossa mandibular notch mandibular ramus mandibular symphysis mastoid process mental foramen middle cranial fossa middle nasal conchae orbital palatine process (of maxilla bone) perpendicular plate posterior cranial fossa pterygoid processes occipital condyles olfactory foramina optic canals sella turcica styloid process stylomastoid foramen superior orbital fissure supraorbital foramen temporal process (of zygomatic bone) zygomatic process (of temporal bone) zygomatic process (of maxilla bone)

2. When you are done, take photos of the labeled skull from different angles. Ask your instructor to verify the labeling is correct.

Instructor Signature Confirming Correct Labeling: ______________________

3. Remove all tape from the anatomical model.

Part 5: Vertebral Column Laboratory Activities

1. With your lab group, obtain a complete set of vertebrae bone models (24 vertebrae + 1 sacrum/coccyx model). Collaborate with your group members to identify which are the atlas, axis, cervical vertebrae, thoracic vertebrae, and lumbar vertebrae.

2. What features enabled you to identify each of the following vertebrae:

1. C1 atlas:

b. C2 axis:

c. C3 - C7:

d. Thoracic vertebrae:

e. Lumbar vertebrae:

3. Stack the vertebrae in the correct order and in the correct orientation (direction). When you are done, take a photo of the vertebral column your group assembled. Ask your instructor to verify the correct order and orientation of the vertebrae in the column.

Instructor Signature Confirming Successful Assembly: ______________________

Part 6: Thoracic Cage Laboratory Activities

1. Obtain one anatomical model rib and one thoracic vertebra per person in your group.
2. As a group, identify the anterior and the posterior ends of the ribs.
3. Write each of the following structures on masking tape or labeling tape (with correct spelling) and stick onto the model to label each structure.

anterior end posterior end

head neck

tubercle of the rib location where rib articulates with costal cartilage region where rib articulates with thoracic vertebra

4. Use the rib and thoracic vertebra to understand how ribs and T-vertebrae articulate. Use masking tape or labeling tape (with correct spelling) to label the transverse, superior, and inferior costal facets on the thoracic vertebra.

5. When you are done, take photos of your labeled rib and vertebra from different angles. Ask your instructor to verify the labeling is correct.

Instructor Signature Confirming Correct Labeling: ______________________

6. Remove all tape from the anatomical model.

7. On one of the intact skeletons in the lab, identify all the following components of the thoracic cage:

true ribs false ribs rib numbers (1-12) costal cartilage

sternum manubrium xiphoid process body of sternum

jugular notch clavicular notches sternal angle T1 - T12

Attributions

Part 1: Review of the Skull

• "Anatomy and Physiology I Lab" by Victoria Vidal is licensed under CC BY 4.0
• "Anatomy and Physiology Lab Homework" by Laird C Sheldahl is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0
• "BIOL 250 Human Anatomy Lab Manual SU 19" by Yancy Aquino, Skyline College is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0

Part 2: Review of the Vertebral Column

• "Anatomy 204L: Laboratory Manual (Second Edition)" by Ethan Snow, University of North Dakota is licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0
• "Anatomy and Physiology I Lab" by Victoria Vidal is licensed under CC BY 4.0
• "Anatomy and Physiology Lab Homework" by Laird C Sheldahl is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0

Part 3: Review of the Thoracic Cage

• "Anatomy and Physiology Lab Homework" by Laird C Sheldahl is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0
• "BodyParts3D/Anatomography" by The Database Center for Life Science is licensed under CC BY-SA 2.1

Part 5: Vertebral Column Laboratory Activities

• "BIOL 250 Human Anatomy Lab Manual SU 19" by Yancy Aquino, Skyline College is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0

Part 6: Thoracic Cage Laboratory Activities

• "BIOL 250 Human Anatomy Lab Manual SU 19" by Yancy Aquino, Skyline College is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0