22.E: Adaptive Immunity I (Exercises)
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- Ying Liu
- City College of San Francisco
18.1: Architecture of the Immune System
Adaptive immunity is defined by two important characteristics: specificity and memory. Specificity refers to the adaptive immune system’s ability to target specific pathogens, and memory refers to its ability to quickly respond to pathogens to which it has previously been exposed. For example, when an individual recovers from chickenpox, the body develops a memory of the infection that will specifically protect it from the causative agent if it is exposed to the virus again later.
Multiple Choice
Antibodies are produced by ________.
- plasma cells
- T cells
- bone marrow
- B cells
- Answer
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A
Cellular adaptive immunity is carried out by ________.
- B cells
- T cells
- bone marrow
- neutrophils
- Answer
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B
A single antigen molecule may be composed of many individual ________.
- T-cell receptors
- B-cell receptors
- MHC II
- epitopes
- Answer
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D
Which class of molecules is the most antigenic?
- polysaccharides
- lipids
- proteins
- carbohydrates
- Answer
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C
Matching
Match the antibody class with its description.
| ___IgA | A. This class of antibody is the only one that can cross the placenta. |
| ___IgD | B. This class of antibody is the first to appear after activation of B cells. |
| ___IgE | C. This class of antibody is involved in the defense against parasitic infections and involved in allergic responses. |
| ___IgG | D. This class of antibody is found in very large amounts in mucus secretions. |
| ___IgM | E. This class of antibody is not secreted by B cells but is expressed on the surface of naïve B cells. |
- Answer
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d, e, c, a, b
Fill in the Blank
There are two critically important aspects of adaptive immunity. The first is specificity, while the second is ________.
- Answer
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memory
________ immunity involves the production of antibody molecules that bind to specific antigens.
- Answer
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Humoral
The heavy chains of an antibody molecule contain ________ region segments, which help to determine its class or isotype.
- Answer
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constant
The variable regions of the heavy and light chains form the ________ sites of an antibody.
- Answer
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antigen-binding
Short Answer
What is the difference between humoral and cellular adaptive immunity?
What is the difference between an antigen and a hapten?
Describe the mechanism of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity.
18.2: Antigens, Antigen Presenting Cells, and Major Histocompatibility Complexes
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules are expressed on the surface of healthy cells, identifying them as normal and “self” to natural killer (NK) cells. MHC molecules also play an important role in the presentation of foreign antigens, which is a critical step in the activation of T cells and thus an important mechanism of the adaptive immune system.
Multiple Choice
MHC I molecules present
- processed foreign antigens from proteasomes.
- processed self-antigens from phagolysosome.
- antibodies.
- T cell antigens.
- Answer
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A
MHC II molecules present
- processed self-antigens from proteasomes.
- processed foreign antigens from phagolysosomes.
- antibodies.
- T cell receptors.
- Answer
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B
Which type of antigen-presenting molecule is found on all nucleated cells?
- MHC II
- MHC I
- antibodies
- B-cell receptors
- Answer
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B
Which type of antigen-presenting molecule is found only on macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells?
- MHC I
- MHC II
- T-cell receptors
- B-cell receptors
- Answer
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B
Fill in the Blank
MHC molecules are used for antigen ________ to T cells.
- Answer
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presentation
MHC II molecules are made up of two subunits (α and β) of approximately equal size, whereas MHC I molecules consist of a larger α subunit and a smaller subunit called ________.
- Answer
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β 2 microglobulin
Critical Thinking
Which mechanism of antigen presentation would be used to present antigens from a cell infected with a virus?
Which pathway of antigen presentation would be used to present antigens from an extracellular bacterial infection?