3.1: Instructor Guidelines
- Page ID
- 117988
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Students are introduced to the vocabulary terms and basic steps of the scientific method during this lab. Students will be able to identify and explain the relationship and differences between the dependent, independent, and controlled variables of an experiment. By the end of the lab, students should also be able to formulate a hypothesis and prediction, use the scientific method to design an experiment to test their hypothesis, and evaluate and present their data.
Tasks
Use the introduction provided in the lab manual to review the vocabulary terms with students, including the following: observation, question, hypothesis, prediction, experiment, independent variable, dependent variable, controlled variables, experimental group, control group, replication, and findings/results. Then, as a class, come up with an observation and apply the vocabulary terms for practice.
Students will begin the lab by completing Exercises A, B, and C in smaller groups (pairs or groups of 3s). Exercise D works best when the class comes up with a single hypothesis and prediction together. Complete D1 through D5 as a class. This can be completed using the projector or lab board. (Sample hypothesis: Athletes have lower resting heart rates than nonathletes.)
Students will then take their own heart rates using their radial or carotid vessels. Students will do this for 15 seconds, 10 times. Multiply these values by 4 to find the second row of values (in beats per minute).
Once students are done, copy the Athlete vs. Nonathlete table onto the board. Athletes may be defined as those who exercise for 30 minutes or more, 3 or more times each week. Students will record their average BPM in the column they belong to. Students will calculate the average BPM for each group and determine if the findings support or refute the hypothesis. Students will also decide if a bar or line graph works best to present this data.
Explain why athletes generally have lower resting heart rates than nonathletes using the equation: CO = HR x SV (cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume)
Cardiac output (mL / min) is the volume of blood that leaves the heart per minute. Heart rate is the number of beats per minute (beats / min). Stroke volume is the volume of blood that leaves the heart (ventricles) per beat (mL / beat). Two individuals that are the same height/weight will have the same CO. However, athletes have lower resting heart rates because they generally have greater stroke volumes.