7.10.6: Key Terms
- Page ID
- 97277
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)- adaptive immunity
- immunity that has memory and occurs after exposure to an antigen either from a pathogen or a vaccination
- affinity
- attraction of molecular complementarity between antigen and antibody molecules
- allergy
- immune reaction that results from immediate hypersensitivities in which an antibody-mediated immune response occurs within minutes of exposure to a harmless antigen
- antibody
- protein that is produced by plasma cells after stimulation by an antigen; also known as an immunoglobulin
- antigen
- foreign or “non-self” protein that triggers the immune response
- antigen-presenting cell (APC)
- immune cell that detects, engulfs, and informs the adaptive immune response about an infection by presenting the processed antigen on the cell surface
- autoantibody
- antibody that incorrectly marks “self” components as foreign and stimulates the immune response
- autoimmune response
- inappropriate immune response to host cells or self-antigens
- autoimmunity
- type of hypersensitivity to self antigens
- avidity
- total binding strength of a multivalent antibody with antigen
- B cell
- lymphocyte that matures in the bone marrow and differentiates into antibody-secreting plasma cells
- basophil
- leukocyte that releases chemicals usually involved in the inflammatory response
- cell-mediated immune response
- adaptive immune response that is carried out by T cells
- clonal selection
- activation of B cells corresponding to one specific BCR variant and the dramatic proliferation of that variant
- complement system
- array of approximately 20 soluble proteins of the innate immune system that enhance phagocytosis, bore holes in pathogens, and recruit lymphocytes; enhances the adaptive response when antibodies are produced
- cross reactivity
- binding of an antibody to an epitope corresponding to an antigen that is different from the one the antibody was raised against
- cytokine
- chemical messenger that regulates cell differentiation, proliferation, gene expression, and cell trafficking to effect immune responses
- cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)
- adaptive immune cell that directly kills infected cells via perforin and granzymes, and releases cytokines to enhance the immune response
- dendritic cell
- immune cell that processes antigen material and presents it on the surface of other cells to induce an immune response
- effector cell
- lymphocyte that has differentiated, such as a B cell, plasma cell, or cytotoxic T lymphocyte
- eosinophil
- leukocyte that responds to parasites and is involved in the allergic response
- epitope
- small component of an antigen that is specifically recognized by antibodies, B cells, and T cells; the antigenic determinant
- granzyme
- protease that enters target cells through perforin and induces apoptosis in the target cells; used by NK cells and killer T cells
- helper T lymphocyte (TH)
- cell of the adaptive immune system that binds APCs via MHC II molecules and stimulates B cells or secretes cytokines to initiate the immune response
- host
- an organism that is invaded by a pathogen or parasite
- humoral immune response
- adaptive immune response that is controlled by activated B cells and antibodies
- hypersensitivities
- spectrum of maladaptive immune responses toward harmless foreign particles or self antigens; occurs after tissue sensitization and includes immediate-type (allergy), delayed-type, and autoimmunity
- immune tolerance
- acquired ability to prevent an unnecessary or harmful immune response to a detected foreign body known not to cause disease or to self-antigens
- immunodeficiency
- failure, insufficiency, or delay at any level of the immune system, which may be acquired or inherited
- inflammation
- localized redness, swelling, heat, and pain that results from the movement of leukocytes and fluid through opened capillaries to a site of infection
- innate immunity
- immunity that occurs naturally because of genetic factors or physiology, and is not induced by infection or vaccination
- interferon
- cytokine that inhibits viral replication and modulates the immune response
- lymph
- watery fluid that bathes tissues and organs with protective white blood cells and does not contain erythrocytes
- lymphocyte
- leukocyte that is histologically identifiable by its large nuclei; it is a small cell with very little cytoplasm
- macrophage
- large phagocytic cell that engulfs foreign particles and pathogens
- major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I/II molecule
- protein found on the surface of all nucleated cells (I) or specifically on antigen-presenting cells (II) that signals to immune cells whether the cell is healthy/normal or is infected/cancerous; it provides the appropriate template into which antigens can be loaded for recognition by lymphocytes
- mast cell
- leukocyte that produces inflammatory molecules, such as histamine, in response to large pathogens and allergens
- memory cell
- antigen-specific B or T lymphocyte that does not differentiate into effector cells during the primary immune response but that can immediately become an effector cell upon reexposure to the same pathogen
- monocyte
- type of white blood cell that circulates in the blood and lymph and differentiates into macrophages after it moves into infected tissue
- mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
- collection of lymphatic tissue that combines with epithelial tissue lining the mucosa throughout the body
- natural killer (NK) cell
- lymphocyte that can kill cells infected with viruses or tumor cells
- neutrophil
- phagocytic leukocyte that engulfs and digests pathogens
- opsonization
- process that enhances phagocytosis using proteins to indicate the presence of a pathogen to phagocytic cells
- passive immunity
- transfer of antibodies from one individual to another to provide temporary protection against pathogens
- pathogen
- an agent, usually a microorganism, that causes disease in the organisms that it invades
- pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)
- carbohydrate, polypeptide, and nucleic acid “signature” that is expressed by viruses, bacteria, and parasites but differs from molecules on host cells
- pattern recognition receptor (PRR)
- molecule on macrophages and dendritic cells that binds molecular signatures of pathogens and promotes pathogen engulfment and destruction
- perforin
- destructive protein that creates a pore in the target cell; used by NK cells and killer T cells
- plasma cell
- immune cell that secrets antibodies; these cells arise from B cells that were stimulated by antigens
- regulatory T (Treg) cell
- specialized lymphocyte that suppresses local inflammation and inhibits the secretion of cytokines, antibodies, and other stimulatory immune factors; involved in immune tolerance
- T cell
- lymphocyte that matures in the thymus gland; one of the main cells involved in the adaptive immune system